Good morning! Opener, 8/24/10 1. State what the standard deviation indicates. (1) 2. State the maximum number of ciliates and the month in which the maximum occurs. (1)

Biology: Exploring Life Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life

A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds!! A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds!! Brown pelicans part of the web of life in their environment

The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans  trouble for the species Their connection to the environment Sets stage for the study of biology

THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY 1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology Life’s structural hierarchy Defines scope of biology, scientific study of life Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Spinal cord Nerve Figure 1.1

As well as nonliving environmental components An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a par ticular area As well as nonliving environmental components All the living organisms in an ecosystem Make up a community Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Spinal cord Nerve

Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species A population Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species An individual living entity Is an organism Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Spinal cord Nerve

The hierarchy continues downward with Organ systems Organs Tissues The hierarchy continues downward with Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Spinal cord Nerve

To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment 1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs Ecosystems characterized by cycling of chemical nutrients from atmosphere and soil To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment

Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem From the sun to producers to consumers and exits as heat Sun Air CO2 O2 H2O Chemical energy Inflow of light Loss heat Producers Cycling nutrients Consumers Decomposers Soil Ecosystem Figure 1.2

1.3 Cells are the structural & functional units of life A cell Is the basic unit of life

New proper ties emerge From the complex organization of a system, such as a cell

Eukaryotic cells Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus Prokaryotic cells Lack such organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) cell DNA (no nucleus) Organelles 25,000  Figure 1.3

EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features DNA is genetic information For constructing molecules that make up cells and organisms

Each species’ genetic instructions Are coded in sequences of 4 building blocks making up DNA’s 2 helically-coiled chains Figure 1.4A

All organisms share a common set of 6 features Ordered structures All organisms share a common set of 6 features Ordered structures Regulation of internal conditions Figure 1.4B Figure 1.4C

Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli Ability to reproduce and evolve Figure 1.4D Figure 1.4E

Organisms are grouped (classified) Prokaryotic domains 1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into 3 domains Organisms are grouped (classified) Prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea Eukaryotic domain Eukarya

Domains Bacteria and Archaea Domains Bacteria and Archaea SEM 3,250 Figure 1.5A SEM 25,000 Figure 1.5B

Domain Eukarya includes 275 Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Figure 1.5C

1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life Charles Dar win Synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection Figure 1.6A

Natural selection is an editing mechanism occurs when populations/organisms, having inherited variations, exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 1 2 3 Populations with varied inherited traits Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors Figure 1.6B

All organisms have adaptations That have evolved by means of natural selection Killer whale Pangolin Figure 1.6C

Video of Seahorses!

1.7 Scientists use 2 main approaches to learn about nature THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 1.7 Scientists use 2 main approaches to learn about nature Science Is a way of knowing Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena

Discovery Science Scientists describe some aspect of the world use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions

Hypothesis-Based Science Scientists attempt to explain observations by testing hypotheses

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose & test hypotheses 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose & test hypotheses Hypothesis-based science involves Obser vations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions Deductions leading to predictions, & then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable

A Case Study from Ever yday Life Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome

Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 1) Observations Question Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Replacing bulb Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 2) Observations Question Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Replacing bulb Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 3) Observations Question Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Replacing bulb Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis

Percent of total attacks A Case Study of Hypothesis-Based Science experiments designed to test hypotheses The use of control groups and experimental groups helps to control variables Percent of total attacks on artificial snakes 100 80 60 40 20 83% 17% 16% 84% Artificial king snakes Artificial brown snakes Coral snakes absent present Figure 1.8B Figure 1.8C Figure 1.8D Figure 1.8E

BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE CONNECTION 1.8 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways Environmental problems and solutions Genetic engineering Medicine Figure 1.9

technological advances Stem from scientific research technological advances Stem from scientific research science-technology-society relationship impor tant aspect of any biology course Online Video Antibiotics & Their Resistance

Opener: Thursday, January 21st What do error bars on graphs show? A. If the data is correct or not. B. How variable the data is. C. Which result is closest to the true result. D. What statistical technique was used to eliminate incorrect results.

Quiz tomorrow… I DID put some chapter 1 (pelican book) questions on it– 9 multiple choice Also, 3 m choice for stats 8 short answer for stats

p. 13-Connecting the Concepts 1.   Biology can be described as having both a vertical scale and a horizontal scale. Explain what that means. Vertical - refers to hierarchy of biological organization: molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere. At each level, emergent properties arise from the interaction and organization of component parts. Horizontal - refers to incredible diversity of living organisms, past and present, including the 1.8 million species that have been named so far that can be grouped into three domains–Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya–and divided among numerous kingdoms.

p. 13-Connecting the Concepts 2. Complete the following map organizing some of biology’s major concepts. life; b. evolution; c. natural selection; d. unity of life; e. three domains (or numerous kingdoms; 1.8 million species)

#15 The graph below shows the results of an experiment in which mice learned to run through a maze. State the hypothesis and prediction that you think this experiment tested. Which was the control group and which the experimental? Why was a control group needed? List some variables that must have been controlled so as not to affect the results. Do the data support the hypothesis? Explain.

#15 Hypothesis: Giving rewards to mice will improve their learning. Prediction: If mice are rewarded with food, they will learn to run a maze faster. The control group was the mice that were not rewarded. Without them, it would be impossible to know if the mice who were rewarded decreased their time running the maze only because of practice. Both groups of mice should be about the same age. Both experiments should be run at the same time of day and under the same conditions. Yes, the data show that the rewarded mice began to run the maze faster by day 3, and improved their performance (ran faster than the control mice) each day thereafter.

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