The National Policy Page 104

Problems on the new dominion Smaller markets Unemployment Economic slow down Less taxes for the government

Recessions Difficult economic times Eight decent years out of 23

The National Policy Goals National Unity Economic prosperity

Three “Planks” in the policy Increase custom duties Build railways Encourage immigration

National Policy Custom Duties Protect Canadian industries from foreign producers. Encourage local industry

National Policy Build Railways Help settlers move into the west Increase the access to markets Canadian Pacific Railway was promised to British Columbia

National Policy Encourage immigration Prevent Americans from simply moving into the west.

Results Higher prices of goods New textile and shoe industries grew Railway costs used up most of the capital Many Canadians emigrated to the USA

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Railways Page 105

Improvements in agriculture Page 106

Quebec Farms Subsistence Farming Enough to feed the family with very little surplus for the market.

Surplus farming Produce more than the family needs and the farm sells the extra. The farm becomes a business

Modernizing farms Better farming techniques were know so Quebec set up farming schools. Agricultural colleges were established Agronomists were trained an sent out to educate farmers.

Big switch Farms in Quebec changed from growing wheat to dairy farming. Butter and Cheese could be sold to Britain and the USA

New business Butter and cheese factories grew in Quebec. Farms near growing cities had a market for fresh milk. Farmers grew hay and oats to feed cattle.

Specialization Instead of growing everything farmers grew special crops. Sold the surplus and bought the other goods they needed.

Specialization Tobacco in Joliette Vegetables near Montreal Apples on the south shore Farmers switched from sustenance farming to market farming.

Specialization Farmers now had more money and bought more capital equipment. Productivity increased.

Rural emigration problem Young people were still emigrating to the USA. Quebec tried to open new farm lands Colonies in Quebec Lac St Jean, Gaspesie, Outaouais.. Poor soils and short growing seasons led to a miserable existence.

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The first phase of industrialization Page 107

Industrialization Change from cottage industry to factory production

Cottage industry Home business Raw materials were brought to a home. Also included skilled workers such as weavers, cabinet makers, masons….

Factory Capital investment led to the development of specialized places for production. Big change was people going to work.

Specialization Pin factory Specialization leads to simple tasks unskilled labour. Cheap labour Mass production Lower cost goods

Factors Labour People moving into the cities and to Canada from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.

Factors Infrastructure Transportation St Lawrence River, canals, railways

Factors Capital Investors Machinery

Factors Water power from the rivers to run the machines.

Factors Tariff protection from outside competition

Companies Managers tended to be English Workers tended to be French or immigrants

Types of business Food processing Flour, Sugar, Meat packing, brewing, Leather tanning boots shoes Textiles Sinning and weaving cloth

Types of business Tobacco Transportation equipment Wood

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Working conditions Page 108

Working conditions Less than 20% of the population lived in the cities in %

Working conditions Farm work is hard People thought city life would be easier Many tales of riches. People moved into the cities They found conditions very harsh

Working conditions Six day work week 60 to 72 hours per week Machinery was unguarded and unsafe Work places were not heated Shops were not ventilated

Working conditions Low wages $10 per man for a week Less for some Women might get $3 per week and children less. Children would start working at 8 years old Many factories would hire more women and children

Working conditions No insurance not for sickness or injury No unemployment insurance No two week vacations Managers could place fines on workers. Worker could be beaten/ punished Dismissed at will

Trade unions Unions were illegal Would be dismissed for trying to start one. Strike were broken with force. Police or Military

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Living conditions Page 109

Living conditions Towns had grow slowly for many years When industrialization began towns grew quickly Conditions varied greatly

Living conditions Working class Wooden structures built near the factories Constant danger of fire

Living conditions Working class Overcrowded No laws as to how many people could cram in together No sewer system Outhouse was shared by many families Often just a bucket

Living conditions Working class No water system Water was sold by water carriers

Living conditions Working class No power No refrigeration Ice boxes

Living conditions Working class Factories had no pollution controls. No garbage pick up Cats were used to keep the rats in check.

Living conditions Working class High mortality rates 300 per 1000 children did not live one year Malnutrition Epidemics disease

Living conditions Working class Dirt roads Dust in the summer No snow removal in winter Floods every spring

Living conditions Working class Needed animals horses and cows even chickens pigs These animals were kept near people manure, flies and poor hygene

Living conditions Upper class Entrepreneurs, businessmen Professionals Montreal Golden square mile Stone buildings, large rooms Many servants Stable

Living conditions upper-class Mortality rate was 187 per 1000 Still very high compared to today. Children had milk Medical treatment Better hygiene

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Emigration and colonization Page 110

Population Growth Immigration was part of the National policy, but the population grew slowly More people were moving out of Quebec than moving in.

Population Growth Few immigrants wanted to stay in Quebec More opportunities out west

Population Growth Farms were over populated Mechanization reduced the need for farm laborers They could look to the city or the rest of Canada for work.

Population Growth Most people looking for work came to Montreal. Low paid jobs for unskilled workers.

Emigration American factories offered better wages and jobs for entire families. 1,200,000 Quebecois left for the USA 62,000 went to Ontario 17,000 went west

Colonization The plan was to open new lans in Quebec to encourage people to stay. Supported by the Roman catholic church and the government

Colonization Land offered cheap Railways were built to make transportation easier Soils were thin and poor Short growing season no markets Only subsistence farming was possible

Colonization The plan was tough on people, but good for logging companies who now had a supply of cheap labour in the winter The roads and rails also helped the companies

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