CH8 Audit Planning And Analytical Procedures

P LANNING First GAAP of filed work : The work is to be adequately planned, and assistants, if any, are to be properly supervised. There are three main reasons why the auditor should properly plan engagement : 1. To enable the auditor to obtain sufficient competent evidence. 2. Help keep audit costs reasonable. 3. To avoid misunderstanding with the client.

R ISK T ERMS 1. Acceptable audit risk 2. Inherent risk

A CCEPTABLE AUDIT RISK Is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued. Lowering acceptable audit risk means that auditor wants to be more certain that the financial statements are NOT materially misstated. Zero risk is certainty 100% is complete uncertainty.

I NHERENT RISK Is a measure of the auditor’s assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in an account balance before considering the effectiveness of internal control. High likelihood of material misstatements in A/R due to changing economic conditions (Inherent Risk for A/R is high). Complex issues in evaluating inventory ( Inherent Risk for Inventory is high). More evidence will be accumulated.

P LANNING AN AUDIT AND DESIGNING AN AUDIT APPROACH Accept client and perform initial audit planning Understand the client’s business and industry Assess client business risk Perform preliminary analytical procedures

Set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk Understand internal control and assess control risk Gather information to assess fraud risks develop overall audit plan and audit program

A CCEPT CLIENT AND PERFORM INITIAL PLANNING 1. Client acceptance and continuance 2. Identify client’s reasons for audit 3. Obtain an understanding with the client 4. Develop overall audit strategy

1. C LIENT ACCEPTANCE AND CONTINUANCE A CPA must use care in deciding which clients are acceptable. Clients who lack integrity or argue constantly with the firm can cause more problems than they are worth. Some CPA firms refuse any clients in certain high risk industries (software/health). Some small CPA firms do not audit publicly held clients because of the risk of litigation.

A-N EW C LIENT I NVESTIGATION. Before accepting CPA firms investigate the company to determine its acceptance. Examining : the client’s position in the business community, financial stability, and relationship with its previous CPA firm. Considerable caution in accepting new clients in newly formed, rapidly growing businesses. Clients that have been previously audited by another CPA firm, the new (successor) is required to communicate with the predecessor auditor. The successor must initiate the communication. The predecessor is required to reply. Gather information from local attorneys, other CPAs, Banks, and Other businesses.

B- CONTINUING CLIENTS CPA firms evaluate existing clients annually to determine there are reasons for not continuing to do the audit. Previous conflicts. Lack of integrity. Lawsuit between the firm and the client. Unpaid fees for more than 1 year.

2. I DENTIFY CLIENT ’ S REASONS FOR AUDIT The auditor is likely to accumulate more evidence when the when statements are used more (Public Companies)/ extensive indebtedness / companies that will be sold in the near future.

3. O BTAIN AN UNDERSTANDING WITH THE CLIENT Auditing standards require the auditor document their understanding with the client in an Engagement Letter. Engagement letter includes: objectives, responsibilities of both management and the auditor, engagements limitations. Agreement to provide other services (tax).

4. D EVELOP OVERALL AUDIT STRATEGY This strategy considers the nature of the client’s business and industry, including areas where there is greater risk of material misstatements.

Select staff for the engagement. The auditor must have adequate technical training and proficiency to perform the audit. Evaluate the need for outside specialists.

U NDERSTAND THE CLIENT ’ S BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY The nature of client’s business and industry affects client business risk and the risk of material misstatements. Client business risk : is the risk that the client will fail to meet its objectives. Some Factors have increased the importance of understanding the client’s business and industry: (Information technology/ Global operations/human capital & intangible assets/complex financial instruments).

Understand clients business and industry Industry and External Environment Business Operations and processes Management and Governance Objectives and Strategies Measurements and Performance

I NDUSTRY AND E NVIRONMENT Reasons for obtaining an understanding of the client’s industry and external environment: 1.Risks associated with specific industries(Health insurance). 2.Inherent risks common to all clients in certain industries(inventory obsolescence in fashion industry). 3.Unique accounting requirements(Auditing for city/must understand governmental accounting and auditing requirements ).

B USINESS O PERATIONS AND P ROCESSES  Factors the auditor should understand: Major sources of revenue/ Key customers and suppliers/ Sources of financing/ Information about related parties 1. Tour the Plant and Offices: By viewing the physical facilities, the auditor can asses physical safeguards over assets and interpret accounting data related to assets. 2. Identify Related Parties: A related party is defined as an affiliated company, a principal owner of the client company, or any other party with which the client deals, where one of the parties can influence the management or policies of the other.

GAAP requires that related party transactions be disclosed in the financial statements. Examples :  sale or purchase transactions between a parent and its subsidiary.  Exchange of equipment between two companies owned by the same person.

M ANAGEMENT AND G OVERNANCE Management establishes the strategies and processes followed by the client’s business. Managements philosophy and operating style, and ability to identify and respond to risk, significantly impact the risk of material misstatements. Governance includes the client’s organizational structure, as well as the activities of the board of directors and the audit committee.

Code of ethics: entity's values and ethical standards. In response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the SEC now requires each public company to disclose whether is has adopted a code of ethics that applies to senior management. Minutes of Meetings : official records of the meetings of the board of directors and stockholders. The auditor should read the minutes to obtain information.

C LIENT O BJECTIVES AND S TRATEGIES Strategies are approaches followed by the entity to achieve organizational objectives. Auditors should understand client objectives to : 1. Financial reporting reliability 2. Effectiveness and efficiency of operations 3. Compliance with laws and regulations

M EASUREMENT AND P ERFORMANCE Key performance indicators that management uses to measure progress towards its objectives. Examples :  market share  sales per employee  unit sales growth  Web site visitors  same-store sales  sales/square foot  The risk of financial misstatements may be increased if the client has set unreasonable objectives ???

A SSESS CLIENT BUSINESS RISK Client business risk is the risk that the client will fail to achieve its objectives. The auditors primary concern is material misstatement in the financial statements due to client business risk. Example : significant decline in economy that threaten the client’s cash flows/client failing to execute its objectives as well as its competitors. The auditor considers management controls that might mitigate business risk, such as effective risk assessment practices and corporate governance.

C LIENT ’ S B USINESS, R ISK, AND R ISK OF M ATERIAL M ISSTATEMENT Understand client’s business and industry Industry and external environment Business operations and processes Management and governance Objectives and strategies Measurement and performance Assess client business risk Assess risk of material misstatements

P ERFORM PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES After understanding client’s business and assessing client business risk. The auditor compares clients ratios to industry or competitors as an indication of the company’s performance. Selected RatiosClientIndustry Short –Term Debt Paying ability: Current Ratio Liquidity Activity Ratio : Inventory Turnover Ability to meet long-term obligations: Debt to equity Profitability ratio: Profit margin

A NALYTICAL P ROCEDURES 1-Required in the planning phase. 2-Often done during the testing phase. 3-Required during the completion phase. The auditor develops an expectation of what a recorded account or balance should be and compares it using the five types of analytical procedures.

F IVE T YPES OF A NALYTICAL P ROCEDURES Compare client data with: 1.Industry data 2.Similar prior-period data 3.Client-determined expected results 4.Auditor-determined expected results 5.Expected results using nonfinancial data.

1.I NDUSTRY DATA Dun & Bradstreet, Standards & poors accumulate financial information for thousands of companies. CPA firms purchase this information for the use as basis for the industry in their comparisons. Advantages : aid in the understanding of the client’s business and as an indication of the likelihood of financial failure. Weakness : difference between the nature of the client’s financial information and that of the firms making up the industry/ different accounting methods. Inventory turnover Gross margin26.3%26.4%27.3%26.2% ClientIndustry

2.S IMILAR PRIOR - PERIOD DATA The gross margin percentage for a company has been between 26% and 27% for the past 4 years but has dropped to 23% in the current year? The cause of the decline could be a change in economic conditions. BUT, it could also be caused by misstatements in the financial statements. The gross margin decline will result in an increase in evidence in one or more of the accounts that affect gross margin.

3.C LIENT - DETERMINED EXPECTED RESULTS Most companies prepare budgets, those budgets represent the client’s expectations for the period. Auditors should investigate the most significant differences between budgeted and actual results.

4.A UDITOR - DETERMINED EXPECTED RESULTS The auditor calculates the expected balance for comparison with the actual balance. Calculating the interest expense on a long term notes payable.

5.E XPECTED RESULTS USING NONFINANCIAL DATA. Revenue of a hotel could be found by multiplying the number of rooms, the average daily rate for each room, and the average occupancy rate.