Cities at Risk: Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Megacities David Dodman and David Satterthwaite / International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Governance Challenges and Opportunities

impacts of climate change and distribution of vulnerability impacts of climate change and distribution of vulnerability the roles and responsibilities of urban authorities the roles and responsibilities of urban authorities the role of urban authorities in climate change adaptation the role of urban authorities in climate change adaptation specific governance interventions for adaptation specific governance interventions for adaptation supporting effective urban governance supporting effective urban governance governance for mitigation governance for mitigation Governance Challenges and Opportunities Outline

Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: Changes in Means Change Urban impacts Temperature Increased energy demand for heating / cooling; worsening of air quality Precipitation Increased risk of flooding; increased risk of landslides; distress migration Sea-level rise Coastal flooding; salinisation of water sources

Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: Changes in Extremes ChangeUrban impacts Extreme rainfall / tropical cyclones More intense flooding; higher risk of landslides; disruption to livelihoods and city economies DroughtWater shortages; higher food prices; disruption of hydro-electricity Heat- or cold-wavesShort-term changes in energy demand Abrupt climate changeRapid and extreme sea-level rise / Rapid and extreme temperature change

Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: Changes in Exposure ChangeUrban impacts Population movementsMovements from stressed rural habitats Biological changesExtended vector habitats (malaria, dengue, etc)

The Distribution of Vulnerability People most at risk from climate change are those who are: least able to avoid the direct or indirect impacts least able to avoid the direct or indirect impacts likely to be most affected likely to be most affected least able to cope with the illness, injury, premature death or loss of income, livelihood or assets caused by climate change impacts least able to cope with the illness, injury, premature death or loss of income, livelihood or assets caused by climate change impacts Mandaue City, Philippines

Roles and Responsibilities of Local Authorities Finance Finance Engineering/Public works Engineering/Public works Development planning and development control Development planning and development control Environmental health Environmental health Public health Public health Social/community/safety services Social/community/safety services Emergency services Emergency services Administration Administration

How does the quality of government influence levels of climate change risk for the urban poor? quality of provision for infrastructure quality of provision for infrastructure quality of provision for disaster-preparednessquality of provision for disaster-preparedness quality of disaster preparedness quality of disaster preparedness quality of disaster response quality of disaster response extent to which poorer groups can buy, build or rent ‘safe’ housing in ‘safe’ sites extent to which poorer groups can buy, build or rent ‘safe’ housing in ‘safe’ sites degree to which local government creates an enabling environment for local civil-society action degree to which local government creates an enabling environment for local civil-society action

Urban authorities and disaster risk Built Environment Long term protection Pre-disaster damage limitation Immediate post- disaster response Rebuilding Building codes HighHigh*High Land use regulations and property registration HighSomeHigh Public building construction and maintenance HighSomeHigh Urban planning (including zoning and development controls) HighHigh*High * It is important that these do not inhibit rapid responses

Urban authorities and disaster risk Infrastructure Long term protection Pre-disaster damage limitation Immediate post- disaster response Rebuilding Piped water (including treatment) HighSomeHighHigh SanitationHighSomeHighHigh DrainageHighHigh*HighHigh Roads, bridges, pavements HighHighHigh ElectricityHighSome?HighHigh Solid waste disposal HighSome?High Waste water treatment HighHigh * Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated

Urban authorities and disaster risk Services Long term protection Pre-disaster damage limitation Immediate post- disaster response Rebuilding Fire protection HighSomeHighHigh Public order / policing MediumHighHighHigh Solid waste collection HighHigh*HighHigh SchoolsMediumMediumHighHigh Health care / public health MediumMediumHighHigh Public transport MediumHighHighHigh Social welfare MediumHighHighHigh Disaster response HighHigh * Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated

Key Messages for Urban Authorities There are large overlaps between most of the measures needed now for local development and those required for adaptation. There are large overlaps between climate-change adaptation and building resilience to extreme weather and disasters. Dhaka, Bangladesh

Urban Adaptation: Strategic Actions Identify current conditions and vulnerability Identify current conditions and vulnerability Adjust existing, conventional city development plans and strategies Adjust existing, conventional city development plans and strategies Adjust the planning and regulatory framework to support adaptation by households, community organizations, NGOs and the private sector Adjust the planning and regulatory framework to support adaptation by households, community organizations, NGOs and the private sector Respond to bottom-up pressures and support community capacities Respond to bottom-up pressures and support community capacities

Strategic Actions for Adaptation Durban, South Africa ‘Climate Future for Durban’ programme including ‘Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy’ ‘Climate Future for Durban’ programme including ‘Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy’ increasing water-absorbing capacity of urban landscape increasing water-absorbing capacity of urban landscape improving urban drainage and storm-sewer design improving urban drainage and storm-sewer design increasing height of natural shoreline stabilization measures increasing height of natural shoreline stabilization measures utilizing storm-water retention / detention ponds and constructed wetlands utilizing storm-water retention / detention ponds and constructed wetlands land-use planning and zoning to avoid locating structures in risky areas land-use planning and zoning to avoid locating structures in risky areas working with industry to reduce water demand working with industry to reduce water demand

Strategic Actions for Adaptation Cape Town, South Africa Source: Mukheibir P, Ziervogel G (2007). ‘Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan for climate change: the city of Cape Town’ Environment and Urbanization 19(1):

NationalGovernments Donors Urban Residents LocalAuthorities Physical Pressures (Climate Change) Demographic Pressures (Urbanization) Financial and Legal Frameworks Funding Citizen Pressure and Accountability Supporting Effective Urban Governance

Governance for Mitigation Source: Dodman D (2009). ‘Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories’ Environment and Urbanization 21(1).

Cities at Risk: Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Megacities David Dodman and David Satterthwaite / International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Governance Challenges and Opportunities