Naming Chemical Compounds

Class I Binary Compounds Made from “Predictable” metals on the periodic table Made from “Predictable” metals on the periodic table Metal plus non-metal Metal plus non-metal Name from formula: Name from formula: Always write the metal first Always write the metal first Add –ide to the end of the non-metal name Add –ide to the end of the non-metal name Formula from name: Formula from name: Write symbol for metal first Write symbol for metal first Look up charges on metal and non-metal Look up charges on metal and non-metal Balance charges to zero between metal and non- metal with ratio of atoms using subscripts Balance charges to zero between metal and non- metal with ratio of atoms using subscripts

Class II Binary Compounds Made from “Un-predictable” metals on the periodic table (metals that are NOT Class I) Made from “Un-predictable” metals on the periodic table (metals that are NOT Class I) Metal plus non-metal Metal plus non-metal Name from formula: Name from formula: Always write the metal first Always write the metal first Determine the charge on the metal from the charge on the non-metal and the ratio of atoms. Determine the charge on the metal from the charge on the non-metal and the ratio of atoms. Use roman numerals to indicate metal charge Use roman numerals to indicate metal charge Add –ide to the end of the non-metal name Add –ide to the end of the non-metal name Formula from name: Formula from name: Write the symbols for metal and non-metal – metal first Write the symbols for metal and non-metal – metal first Determine the charge on the metal from the roman numeral Determine the charge on the metal from the roman numeral Balance charges to zero between metal and non-metal with ratio of atoms using subscripts Balance charges to zero between metal and non-metal with ratio of atoms using subscripts

Class III Binary Compounds Made from non-metals and non-metals Made from non-metals and non-metals NO CHARGES – atoms share electrons NO CHARGES – atoms share electrons Use prefixes to indicate number of atoms in compound Use prefixes to indicate number of atoms in compound Mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-. Mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-. Name from formula: Name from formula: Names use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of an element in a compound – DO NOT use mono- for first element. Names use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of an element in a compound – DO NOT use mono- for first element. Assign prefixes from subscripts in formula. Assign prefixes from subscripts in formula. Add –ide to the end of the second non-metal name Add –ide to the end of the second non-metal name Formula from name: Formula from name: Non-metal element further to the left written first Non-metal element further to the left written first Prefixes indicate number of atoms. Convert prefixes in names to subscripts in formula. Prefixes indicate number of atoms. Convert prefixes in names to subscripts in formula.

The Common Polyatomics the -ates Phosphate PO 4 3- Please-3 Phosphate PO 4 3- Please-3 SulfateSO 4 2- Send-2 SulfateSO 4 2- Send-2 Carbonate CO 3 2- Cake and -2 Carbonate CO 3 2- Cake and -2 ChlorateClO 3 1- Chocolate-1 ChlorateClO 3 1- Chocolate-1 AcetateC 2 H 3 O 2 -1 Angels-1 AcetateC 2 H 3 O 2 -1 Angels-1 NitrateNO 3 1- Now-1 NitrateNO 3 1- Now-1 Knowing these plus the rules covers 12 of the poly- atomics!

Polyatomic Naming Rules Learn (memorize) Common Ions – Then: Learn (memorize) Common Ions – Then: Per- is one more oxygen Per- is one more oxygen -ite = one less oxygen, same charge except for phosphorus -ite = one less oxygen, same charge except for phosphorus Hypo- -ite = two less oxygens same charge except for phosphorus Hypo- -ite = two less oxygens same charge except for phosphorus

Phosphate PhosphatePO 4 3- PhosphatePO 4 3- Phosphite PO 3 2- Hypophosphite PO 2 -1 One less oxygen – one less charge Two less oxygen – two less charge

Sulfate SulfateSO 4 2- SulfateSO 4 2- SulfiteSO 3 2- SulfiteSO 3 2- One less oxygen – same charge

Carbonate CarbonateCO 3 2- CarbonateCO 3 2- Hydrogen Carbonate HCO 3 2- Hydrogen Carbonate HCO 3 2- (Bicarbonate) (Bicarbonate)

Chlorate ChlorateClO 3 -1 ChlorateClO 3 -1 ChloriteClO 2 -1 ChloriteClO 2 -1 HypochloriteClO -1 HypochloriteClO -1 One and two less oxygens – same charge PerchlorateClO 4 -1 PerchlorateClO 4 -1 One more oxygen

Nitrate NitrateNO 3 -1 NitrateNO 3 -1 NitriteNO 2 -1 NitriteNO 2 -1 One less oxygen – same charge One less oxygen – same charge

Common Negative Charge Poly- atomic ions Acetate C 2 H 3 O 2 -1 Acetate C 2 H 3 O 2 -1 Cyanide CN -1 Cyanide CN -1 Hydroxide OH -1 Hydroxide OH -1 PermanganateMnO 4 -1 PermanganateMnO 4 -1 ChromateCrO 4 -2 ChromateCrO 4 -2 DichromateCr 2 O 7 -2 DichromateCr 2 O 7 -2 Note All = -1

The Positively Charged Polyatomics AmmoniumNH 4 +1 AmmoniumNH 4 +1 HydroniumH (aka H + ) HydroniumH (aka H + )

Sulfite SO 3 2-

Hydrogen Carbonate HCO 3 1-

Phosphate PO 4 3-

Nitrate NO 3 1-

Perchlorate ClO 4 -1

Nitrite NO 2 1-

Chlorite ClO 2 1-

Naming Acids Hydrogen can act like a metal = H +1 Hydrogen can act like a metal = H +1 Hydrogen as the first element in a compound indicates an acid. Hydrogen as the first element in a compound indicates an acid. Binary acids are named by adding hydro- to the beginning and –ic to the end Binary acids are named by adding hydro- to the beginning and –ic to the end HCl = Hydro chlor ic Acid HCl = Hydro chlor ic Acid Polyatomic acids are named by taking the common name ending in –ate and changing to –ic Polyatomic acids are named by taking the common name ending in –ate and changing to –ic H 2 SO 4 = from sulfate/SO 4 -2 = sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 = from sulfate/SO 4 -2 = sulfuric acid Polyatomic compounds with one less oxygen are named by substituting –ous for –ite Polyatomic compounds with one less oxygen are named by substituting –ous for –ite HNO 2 = from nitrite/NO 2 -1 = nitrous acid HNO 2 = from nitrite/NO 2 -1 = nitrous acid

Naming Bases Bases contain the polyatomic anion hydroxide – OH -1 Bases contain the polyatomic anion hydroxide – OH -1

Common Ions plus Hydrogen Dihydrogen PhosphateH 2 PO 4 -1 Dihydrogen PhosphateH 2 PO 4 -1 Hydrogen PhosphateHPO 4 -2 Hydrogen PhosphateHPO 4 -2 Hydrogen SulfateHSO 4 -1 Hydrogen SulfateHSO 4 -1 Bisulfate Bisulfate Hydrogen CarbonateHCO 3 -1 Hydrogen CarbonateHCO 3 -1 Bicarbonate Bicarbonate