Perspectives of Psychology Ms. Rebecca 2009

Do Now: Why do you think people think, feel and act in certain ways? Are they born a certain way? Do they learn in school to act a certain way? Do they learn from friends?

Different perspectives The human mind is really complicated. So, psychologists have a lot of different ideas about why people act and think the way they do. The next slide lists the 6 most popular perspectives today. In practice, psychologist apply the perspective that best deals with the problem at hand.

I’m a tv expert! BUT I only watch Prison Break. http://www.shockya.com/news/wp-content/uploads/prison_break_ver4_poster.jpg

I’m a tv expert! I can learn a lot about Prison Break if I watch it all the time, but I wont know ANYTHING about other types of shows like comedies, documentaries, cartoons, the news, sports shows etc.….. http://everydayplaystation.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/spongebob.jpg

I’m a tv expert! I could never claim to know EVERYTHING about t.v. by only watching one show/type of show. http://rlv.zcache.com/clearly_im_not_an_expert_on_this_topic_tshirt-p2359648477432668033s9b_400.jpg

I’m a tv expert! But maybe if I watched all different types of shows (drama, comedy, mystery, cartoons, news, sports etc) I would be closer to being an expert of t.v. shows today. http://www.slipperybrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/super-sized-remote-control.jpg

Human behavior experts Just like there are many different types of tv shows, there are also many different ideas about why humans behave the way they do. http://www.iuniverse.com/CoverImages/100958/SKU-000025877_XL.gif

Human Behavior And thoughts come from many different things. Some believe behavior is learned in childhood; some believe experiences in the present are more likely to impact behavior and thoughts. http://blogs.uscannenberg.org/peter_griffin/magnifying-glass.gif

6 Perspectives In Psychology today there are 6 different perspectives or ideas about where human behavior comes from. http://www.neilmoffatt.co.uk/Images/Paintings/7Dwarfs.jpg

6 Perspectives 1. Biological Perspective 2. Psychoanalytic Perspective 3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective 4. Humanist Perspective 5. Cognitive Perspective 6. Sociocultural Perspective

Biological Perspective “I was born this way” (The Complete Idiots Guide to Psychology) http://www.health-in-action.org/library/pdf/Shaken%20Baby/Images/sm%20shake%20baby%20with%20bkgd.jpg

Biological Perspective Look at the body to explain the mind http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_394PgFiJSRw/STLOLMPhq9I/AAAAAAAAAD0/w-22z0AJ6PY/s400/mind_body_connection1.jpg

Biological Perspective Influence of hormones, genes, the brain, central nervous system on the way we think, feel and act http://www.pawnee.org/stressbody.jpg

Questions Biological Perspective Answers: Is personality inherited from parents? Does mental stress cause physical illness? http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_tz6-1vjO-ic/Rkp--9Oq5sI/AAAAAAAAAtA/xKoPgfd59RQ/s400/like_father_like_son.jpg

Biological Perspective’s impact on Psychology - developed medicines to treat depression and other disorders -helped people to understand that mental illnesses are uncontrollable sometimes, like physical illness. Removed some stigmas of mental illness. http://www.viewpoints.com/images/review/2007/259/19/1189989620-84591_full.jpg

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective “It’s only the tip of the iceberg” http://www.las.iastate.edu/careerservices/Photos/iceberg.jpg

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective Behavior is driven by mental conflicts deep inside us! http://www.emory.edu/ACAD_EXCHANGE/2006/octnov/neurlogy.jpg

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud said that people have conflicts between their urges and what society says is ok.

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective We learn when we are children to hide our real feelings, so we push our urges waaaaaaay down until we are adults and then we don’t really know the “real” reasons we do what we do because they are so deep within us. http://eccasa.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/mother-child-discipline-small-1.jpg

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective BUT we can get clues about our real” feelings from our dreams and seemingly unexplainable behavior http://leoashton.vizua.com/blues%20clues/blues_clues_wp_1024.jpg

2. What Psychoanalytic Psychologists think? Childhood experiences really affect how we are as adults. Human behavior sometimes doesn’t make sense Talking about our feelings in a comfortable setting can help people work through their “true” feelings to solve problems.

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective “We’re all just rats caught in a maze” http://members.madasafish.com/~cj_whitehound/Rats_Nest/artwork/clipart/white_rat_in_maze.gif

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective Rats can find food in a maze if they’ve found food in the same place before. Their behavior changes if the location of the food changes. http://www.tallhill.com/products/labrat/spec/labrat_spec_files/RatMazeDestroy.jpg

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective John Watson studied rats in mazes and said that people are the same. Behavior is just a response to something. The consequence determines whether the behavior happens again. http://dogtrainerblues.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/dog-training-commands.jpg

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists do? Try to understand people by studying what happens to them and how they respond. If the consequence is good, they should repeat the behavior. If not, they won’t do the behavior again.

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective Example: Stimulus: You find out there’s a test Response: You study Consequence: You get an “A” Based on the good consequence of getting an “A”, you continue the behavior of studying for tests.

3. Behaviorist/Learning Perspective What do Behaviorist/Learning Psychologists say?: -Behavior Modification: you can learn to change bad behavior You can get over your fears! http://www.asktheexterminator.com/artman2/uploads/1/spider_fear.gif

4. Cognitive Perspective “I Think, Therefore I Am” http://www.haroldsplanet.com/daily/images/78_ithinkithink.gif

4. Cognitive Perspective Study the way people can gain, organize, and remember knowledge that guides behavior. http://standupforamerica.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/think-before-you-act.jpg

4. Cognitive Perspective We’re much more than rats! We react to the environment but we also act on it to do things like: Solve problems Make decisions Think about options before we act

4. Cognitive Perspective Also, FEELINGS affect what we do too! Example: Someone who is told they have cancer but there is treatment would react very differently to the news than a person who found out they had cancer and were going to die. http://www.shawuniversitymosque.org/articles/images/confidence.png

4. Cognitive Perspective Cognitive Psychologists develop theories about mental processes and test those theories by creating situations where people are expected to behave in a predictable way (if they don’t behave in a predictable way, the theory is wrong).

4. Cognitive Perspective Where do we see Cognitive Psychology? Self-help books Attitude adjustments can help people because it’s all about how they feel about a situation/problem. http://askchris.essexcc.gov.uk/Files/BookJackets/4354.jpg

5. Sociocultural Perspective To understand human behaviors you have to understand the culture in which they live. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_wEbegOTGaXY/SYogSJSrooI/AAAAAAAAAHw/rpWXmiu_Bq4/s400/2.21.09+different+cultures.jpg

5. Sociocultural Perspective What’s “normal” in one country may be weird in another. http://bcdairyfoundation.ca/nutrition_education/images/So_what_is_normal.jpg

5. Sociocultural Perspective In the U.S. individuality is valued In Asia it’s better to be part of a group http://www.framersguide.com/images/_individuality1.jpg

5. Sociocultural Perspective Eating disorders are a bigger problem in the U.S. where the ideal is to be really thin. Higher rate of violence in the U.S. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/december6/gifs/eating.jpg

6. Humanistic Perspective “Look on the Bright Side”

6. Humanistic Perspective People are naturally good. They will try to be the best they can be UNLESS other people get in their way. http://hellejorgensen.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c748c53ef0115707d77ce970b-500wi

6. Humanistic Perspective Example: Children are good until teachers/parents etc. tell them they AREN’T good. http://alicebag.com/angryteacher.jpg

6. Humanistic Perspective Then, children begin to believe that they can’t be good so they stop trying. http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/050930/050930_brats_vmed.widec.jpg

6. Humanistic Perspective Main ideas in Humanist Psychology Self-esteem is VERY important! A person’s view of their life is much more important that what actually happens in their life.

Homework: Read pp28-31 in your textbook Using what you have learned in class, and the info in your book you must make up a scenario where someone needs psychological help. Then, write down what someone with each of the perspectives would say is the root of the problem and perhaps how it can be fixed. You should have 6 different reasons for the problem. Be prepared to share with someone in the class!

History of Psychology Do Now: What kinds of human behavior are you curious about? Example: why do people find others attractive? Why do some people get angry easier than others?

Hmmm interesting! People have ALWAYS been interested in the behaviors of other people, that’s… PSYCHOLOGY! Questions about human behavior have been asked throughout history. http://psicologia.unipd.it/home/fso/images/psychology.gif

I. Ancient Greece (2000 years ago) A. Socrates: said we can learn about ourselves by looking at our own thoughts and feelings: introspection. http://psicologia.unipd.it/home/fso/images/psychology.gif http://paulbuckley14059.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/introspection.jpg

B. Aristotle (384-322) Experiences from the past affect our feelings later. Example: Being with our parents makes us feel safe because they have kept us safe in the past. http://westernparadigm.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/aristotle.jpg

B. Aristotle (384-322) He also said: People try to avoid pain and find pleasure. http://www.rsrevision.com/images/calvin_happy.jpg

C. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) Confusion and madness are caused by problems in the brain. http://www.simpsonstrivia.com.ar/simpsons-photos/wallpapers/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg http://philippinehealthconnections.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/hippocrates1.jpg

II. The Middle Ages Most Europeans believed problems like confusion and anger issues were caused by being possessed by demons. http://beyondtheblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/devil.jpg

II. The Middle Ages “pure” metals AND people SHOULD sink to the bottom of water People who were thought to be possessed were thrown into deep water…. http://www.marinebuzz.com/marinebuzzuploads/10ReasonsWhyLearningSwimmingisNecessary_D69D/image_6.png

III. Modern Science (1500s-1700s) The Scientific Approach was invented, leading to the birth of modern Psychology in the 1800s. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mad_scientist_transparent_background.svg/641px-Mad_scientist_transparent_background.svg.png

Scientific Approach Ideas about human behavior and thinking should be supported by evidence. http://onecoolsite.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/evidence.jpg

1879 Beginning of Psychology as a modern lab science. http://www.blackrockforest.org/images/Buildings/B_Science_Center_dry_lab_Fox_and_Fowle.jpg

A. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Established a lab in Germany He founded structuralism: the study of the basic elements of consciousness (being awake and experienceing the world) http://www.shiga-med.ac.jp/~koyama/pain/Wundt.gif

Consciousness:How we experience the world 1. Objective Sensations: sight, taste, hearing, touching, smelling 2. Subjective Feelings: Emotional responses to the world. http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/Literary_Criticism/structuralism/structur.JPG

Structuralists Believed the human mind combined these 2 types of experiences Ex: You can see an apple as red and taste it as sweet but ALSO you can feel good when you see an apple because you REMEMBER how good it feels to bite into it.

B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Structuralists are WRONG! You can’t break down people’s experiences! Stream of Consciousness http://www.imprint.co.uk/phrencol.gif http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/james.gif

B. William James (1842-1910) and Functionalism Functionalism is how mental processes (thinking) help people/animals adapt to their environment. http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/sociology/images/functionalism_ro.gif

How did Functionalists do research? Observe people’s behavior in a lab and use introspection (researchers asked people how they felt inside) http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0yVDybV0ui4/SVNbEpPP0MI/AAAAAAAAAJY/xeOOVkdobA8/s400/Milgram_Experiment.png

Other ideas of Functionalists Behavior is learned Example: Students study because the learn that it will help them get better grades. Habits http://www.elanguages.ac.uk/images/GLP_0152.jpg

John B. Watson (1878-1958) and Behaviorism Consciousness is a private event known only by an individual. Psychology is a science and needs to ONLY use observable, measurable, events (ex. Behaviors) http://www.fitconsultinginc.com/images/innovate.gif

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) and Reinforcement When animals are rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to do that behavior again (ex. Dog treats) People learn behaviors the same way. http://cultblender.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bfskinner.jpg

The Gestalt School Context (the placement of things) influences the way we interpret things. Learning is active, not just habit. http://www.targetorientedgolf.com/gestalt.gif

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and the school of Psychoanalysis Most famous early psychologist. Psychoanalysis- people have unconscious motives and conflicts within themselves that affect their behavior. http://skepdic.com/graphics/freud1.jpg

For Example Freud believed that dreams might be a representation of wishes that you have deep down but didn’t know about. http://images.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alpinelakes.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/dreaming.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gengen89.livejournal.com/&usg=__TBWJEy4wBfiXUw5UNjOe_jUSO4Y=&h=516&w=597&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=bBpUEHKMkYnaDM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddreaming%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

Also Freudian Slip: http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u148/FreudianSlipCartoon.gif

Psychodynamic Thinking Most of what is in your mind is unconscious. We are full of impulses and urges that conflict with what society says we can do. So Freud said he could help people know their unconscious feelings and find acceptable ways to deal with them.

Now you have learned a little bit about different psychologists It’s your turn to choose one psychologist to present about to the class! History Heads Assignment!