Chapter 3 Ecosystems: How They Work Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

3.1 - The Four Spheres of Earth’s Environment

The Four Spheres of Earth’s Environment Biosphere - any place occupied by living things. Lithosphere - the Earth’s crust, including rocks, minerals, and soil Hydrosphere - water (liquid or solid) Atmosphere - layer of gases surrounding the Earth (including water vapor)

Match the Elements (Left) with Molecules (Right) Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur A.Glucose B.Proteins C.Starch D.Fats E.Nucleic acids F.All of the above B,E F F F E B

Atmospheric Gases

Water and Its Three States

Minerals: Dense clusters of atoms of two or more elements held together by the attraction of positive and negative charges. Na + and Cl -

Interrelationships among Air, Water, and Minerals

Organic Molecules

Matter and Energy Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass. Cannot be created or destroyed. Can be changed from one form into another. Can be recycled. Can be measured where gravity is present.

Matter and Energy Energy: anything that has the ability to move matter, has no mass and does not occupy space. Cannot be created or destroyed. Can be changed from one form to another. Cannot be recycled. Can be measured.

Energy Conversions

Laws of Thermodynamics First Law: (CHANGE) Energy is neither created nor destroyed but may be converted from one form to another. NO FREE LUNCHES! Second Law: (LOSS) In any energy conversion, you will end up with less usable energy than you started with. YOU CAN’T BREAK EVEN!

Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO 2 + SO + H 2 O + Ash + (C x H x S x O x ) Light + Noise + Heat

Entropy: Energy Changes in Organisms (2nd Law Restated) Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only which is toward increasing entropy.

Entropy

First Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy.

How Ecosystems Use Sunlight As Their Source of Energy

Explain how it is possible to grow a plant in a sealed jar. Photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O

Match Outcomes (Left) with Process (Right) Releases O 2 Stores energy Releases CO 2 Uses CO 2 Releases energy Produces sugar Uses sugar Uses O 2 A.Photosynthesis B.Cell respiration C.Both D.Neither A A B A B A B B

Match Outcomes (Left) With Organisms (Right) Releases O 2 Stores energy Releases CO 2 Uses CO 2 Releases energy Produces sugar Uses sugar Uses O 2 A.Plants B.Animals C.Both D.Neither A A B A C A C C

Food Assimilation in Consumers

3.2 - Productivity of Different Ecosystems

Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels Producer 10,000 Kcal Third-order Consumer Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer - 100x - 10x 100 Kcal 10 Kcal 1 Kcal

Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels

3.3 - The Second Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling all elements.

Global Carbon Cycle Global Carbon Cycle: Natural Production (click to view animation)

Global Carbon Cycle Human Activities Global Carbon Cycle: Human Activities (click to view animation)

Nitrogen Cycle Fundamental Aspects The Nitrogen Cycle: Fundamental Aspects (click to view animation)

Nitrogen Cycle Interactive Exercise The Nitrogen Cycle: Interactive Exercise (click to view animation)

Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling

Nutrient Recycling and Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem

Violations of the Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability Excessive use of fossil fuels. Feeding largely on the third trophic level. Use of coal or nuclear power. Use of agricultural land to produce meats.

3.4 - Implications for Human Societies Ecosystem sustainability Value of ecosystem capital The future

The Human System