Stopping Time with Images

Persistence of Vision

Thaumatrope ● Developed by Fitton in 1825 ● Two sided object rapidly flipped from one side to the other causing images to fuse

Early Photographic Systems ● Pohtography involved mixing and applying chemicals, some light- sensitive ● 5 seconds – 20 minutes of exposure ● Instantaneous is under ½ second in 1868

Leland Stanford ● California businessman, lawyer, and governor ● Founded Stanford University ● First president of the Central Pacific Railroad ● Horse enthusiast

How do Horses Run? ● Common belief that horse always had at least one hoof on the ground at all times ● Much debate and Stanford wanted definitive proof ● Does a running horse ever have all legs off the ground?

Eadweard Muybridge ● Born in England in 1830 ● Pre-eminent Photographer of California Landscapes ● Took up Stanford's challenge ● Initial results in 1872 ● Shot wife's lover point blank and was later acquitted ● Satisfactory results in 1878

Experiment ● 12 Cameras ● 22 inches apart ● Bright sunny day ● White screen behing horse ● Sheets on track

Experiment ● Gravity driven shutter, activated by pin connected to string streched across track ● 1/1000 th of a second exposure times

Results

Zoopraxiscope ● Invented by Muybridge in 1879 to show his image sequences ● Never a commercial success

Zoopraxiscope

Phenakistoscope

Zoetrope

International Acclaim ● Muybridge continues work on animals and athletes, publishing in 1881 ● Stanford scheduled to presents results in Paris in 188, but Muybridge does instead ● Muybridge recieves international fame and reputation ● He and Stanford have a falling-out

Motion Studies ● Moved to U of Pennsylvania in 1884 ● Many studies of people and animals ● Published results in a book – 781 Plates – Animal Locomotion: An Electrophotographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements,

Results

Muybridge Motion Studies ● e/contents.html

Harold ''Doc'' Edgerton ● ● Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ● Developed stroboscopic photography in 1931

Harold ''Doc'' Edgerton ● Kicking a football – 1934 and 1938

Making Applesauce.30 Bullet Piercing an Apple, 1964 A microsecond exposure of a bullet travelling 2800 feet per second.

Edgerton Dove release, 1965

Edgerton