The Post-Napoleon World

 Spurred on by discontent and enlightened ideas  Many peoples wanted control of themselves  Inspired by American and French Revolutions  Latin American’s first to act against their imperial powers  Revolutions erupted within European countries b/w  Many were reaction against Metternich’s conservative ideals

 REVOLUTION: drastic or dramatic change  Revolutions are as much a matter of ideas as they are of weapons

- less than 1 % of population -born in Spain -only who could hold high office -23% of population -Spaniards born in Latin America -could NOT hold office but could be Officers in army -7% of population -mix of Euro/Indians -8% of population -mix of Euro/African -6% of population -enslaved-$$$value - less than 1 % of population -born in Spain -only who could hold high office -23% of population -Spaniards born in Latin America -could NOT hold office but could be Officers in army -7% of population -mix of Euro/Indians -8% of population -mix of Euro/African -6% of population -enslaved-$$$value Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Africans Native Americans(Indians) 56% of population Little $$ value Treated the worst of all classes

 Nationalism: the pride in one’s country, heritage, culture, language, history, customs  Nationalism vs. Patriotism  Nation: a group of people sharing same culture, language, history, customs  Ex. Ukrainians, Scots, Native Americans  Nation-State: a group a people collected under one governing power (can be a nation)  Ex. United Kingdom, US, Germany, Spain

 The Balkans  Controlled mostly by crumbling Ottoman Empire  Very vulnerable to nationalism  Greece gains independence in 1830 ▪ Help from European Powers-Why? ▪ Preservation of ancient history and culture which inspired modern Europe

Revolutions of 1830  Breakdown of Metternich’s conservative system  Liberal middle class revolting against power or aristocracy  Belgians gain independence from Dutch  Italian uprisings led by Young Italy put down my Metternich Revolutions of 1848 EEthnic uprisings in Austrian Empire PPrague, Czechs BBudapest, Hungary EEventually forces Metternich to resign CConservatives gain control by 1849 RRevolution in France AAccepts strong ruler after chaos of more radical rulers EElect Louis-Napoleon as Emperor Napoleon III ▪F▪France experienced industrialization and prosperity

 France: reviving French glory  Germany & Italy: united nation-states  Austria: preserve its diverse empire  REAL POLITIK: “politics of reality”  “The end justifies the means.” –Machiavelli  Politics that uses any means necessary to get the job done

 Italian city-states unify under the leadership of  Cavour (brains)  Garibaldi (sword)  Italy becomes Kingdom of Italy in 1871  Political and economic problems plague Italy into the 20 th century

 Prussia’s push to collect all non-Austrian Germans  Led by Otto von Bismarck  Prime Minister of Prussia  Master of real politik  Defeated Austria and France to win allegiance from all German Confederate States  France swears revenge  Germany becomes a united nation in 1871

5 GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE PRE-1870  Great Britain  France  Russia  Austrian Empire  Prussia 6 GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE POST-1870  Great Britain  France  Russia  Austria - Hungary  Germany  Italy