Describe the difficulties Describe the difficulties facing a “New Europe” facing a “New Europe”“New Europe”“New Europe” in the 1990s. in the 1990s.

After the Fall of Communism: 1990s Europe  Brainstorm your assigned area of Europe and create a list of the problems, issues, successes, failures and concerns facing the region after the fall of Communism: 1. Russia: paragraphs Russia: Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe: Western Europe: Western Europe: 6-11 BUT first, we must “set the stage”….

After the Fall of Communism: 1990s Europe Characteristics  Europe accepts free-market capitalism = no longer is there a division between two political and economic systems. Especially in former communist states such as Poland and Hungary. Especially in former communist states such as Poland and Hungary. Why do we see this shift towards capitalism? Why do we see this shift towards capitalism? Followed the lead of the United States since it had such a prosperous economy and had won the Cold War.Followed the lead of the United States since it had such a prosperous economy and had won the Cold War. Since capitalism operated in a “global” economy, it was necessary to follow capitalist trends if one wanted to be part of Europe’s prosperity.Since capitalism operated in a “global” economy, it was necessary to follow capitalist trends if one wanted to be part of Europe’s prosperity.  Revolution in computer & electronics technology helps create “globalization” of the world economy.

After the Fall of Communism: 1990s Europe Characteristics  Revolution in computer & electronics technology helps create “globalization” of the world economy. Any negative effects: Any negative effects: Damaged social achievements due to government reduction of social welfare.Damaged social achievements due to government reduction of social welfare.  Financial crisis Spread from Asia into the new Europe, devastating the already poor in European countries. Spread from Asia into the new Europe, devastating the already poor in European countries.  Liberal democracy spread to almost ALL countries of Europe. American scholar Francis Fukuyama predicts the “end of history” since fascism, Nazism and now communism has been defeated by democracy and capitalism. American scholar Francis Fukuyama predicts the “end of history” since fascism, Nazism and now communism has been defeated by democracy and capitalism.

After the Fall of Communism: 1990s Europe Characteristics  Liberal democracy spread to almost ALL countries of Europe. American scholar Francis Fukuyama predicts the “end of history” since fascism, Nazism and now communism has been defeated by democracy and capitalism. American scholar Francis Fukuyama predicts the “end of history” since fascism, Nazism and now communism has been defeated by democracy and capitalism. BUT, … James Cronin’s “The World the Cold War Made” argues that old nationalism (ethnic conflict) has returned. BUT, … James Cronin’s “The World the Cold War Made” argues that old nationalism (ethnic conflict) has returned. See this in Yugoslavia in 1990sSee this in Yugoslavia in 1990s But, also kept under control due to the fear of being excluded from the European Union.But, also kept under control due to the fear of being excluded from the European Union.

After the Fall of Communism: 1990s Europe  Brainstorm your assigned area of Europe and create a list of the problems, issues, successes, failures and concerns facing the region after the fall of Communism: 1. Russia: paragraphs 1-4 (pp. 1043) 2. Russia: Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe: Western Europe: Western Europe: 6-11

Examples of Changes  Recasting Russia 1992 Boris Yeltsin tries “shock therapy” for economy by ending price controls, privatizing industry Boris Yeltsin tries “shock therapy” for economy by ending price controls, privatizing industry. Freed prices on 90% of goodsFreed prices on 90% of goods Turned over factories and mines to private ownershipTurned over factories and mines to private ownership Issued vouchers worth 10,000 rubles to citizens to buy stock in these companiesIssued vouchers worth 10,000 rubles to citizens to buy stock in these companies RESULTS?RESULTS? prices increase 250%, and production of all goods falls. prices increase 250%, and production of all goods falls. Many Russians lost savings, living standards fell. Many Russians lost savings, living standards fell. Yeltsin

Examples of Changes  Recasting Russia Runaway inflation brings a socioeconomic dichotomy to social classes (rich OR poor). Runaway inflation brings a socioeconomic dichotomy to social classes (rich OR poor) only 5% of population accounts for 35% of Russia’s income and 80% of it’s capital resources1996 only 5% of population accounts for 35% of Russia’s income and 80% of it’s capital resources Majority of Russians saw savings decline and even life expectancy decreases by 11 years.Majority of Russians saw savings decline and even life expectancy decreases by 11 years. These hard economic times cause opposi- tion to Yeltsin, however, in 1993 a new constitution gives Yeltsin more power and he uses tanks to crush a Parliamentary mutiny. These hard economic times cause opposi- tion to Yeltsin, however, in 1993 a new constitution gives Yeltsin more power and he uses tanks to crush a Parliamentary mutiny. In 2000 Vladimir Putin is elected continu- ing free markets, but re-establishing a more authoritarian state. (ex. Chechnya) In 2000 Vladimir Putin is elected continu- ing free markets, but re-establishing a more authoritarian state. (ex. Chechnya) Yeltsin Putin

Examples of Changes  Eastern Europe Very similar to what happened in Russia, however a strong sense of nationalism emerged. Very similar to what happened in Russia, however a strong sense of nationalism emerged. In Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary democratic reforms were most successful, however, Romania and Bulgaria lagged behind. In Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary democratic reforms were most successful, however, Romania and Bulgaria lagged behind. In Poland, labor leader Lech Walesa is elected president.In Poland, labor leader Lech Walesa is elected president. In Czechoslovakia, the “velvet revolution” peacefully brings President Vaclav Havel to power in 1989.In Czechoslovakia, the “velvet revolution” peacefully brings President Vaclav Havel to power in Czechoslovakia split peacefully into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993.Czechoslovakia split peacefully into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic join NATO in 1997.Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic join NATO in Romania and Bulgaria struggled more with establishing Western political and economic traditions (poor as well…)Romania and Bulgaria struggled more with establishing Western political and economic traditions (poor as well…)

Examples of Changes  Eastern Europe Tragedy in Yugoslovavia Tragedy in Yugoslovavia After Tito’s death in 1980, nation fell into ethnic (not religious) divisions, began to divide into small republics.After Tito’s death in 1980, nation fell into ethnic (not religious) divisions, began to divide into small republics. In 1991, President Slobodan Milosevic begins effort to unite all these Balkan states into a “Greater Serbia”.In 1991, President Slobodan Milosevic begins effort to unite all these Balkan states into a “Greater Serbia”. Strategy begins in Kosovo (province in Serbia) by using “ethnic cleansing” of other ethnic groups using murder, rape and destruction.Strategy begins in Kosovo (province in Serbia) by using “ethnic cleansing” of other ethnic groups using murder, rape and destruction. Civil War

Examples of Changes  Eastern Europe Tragedy in Yugoslavia Tragedy in Yugoslavia 1998 ethnic conflict broke out in Kosovo where Albanians (Kosovo Liberation Army) strove for independence, Serbia resists, NATO begins bombings in 1999 (Operation Deliberate Force) to the force Serbs out of Kosovo.1998 ethnic conflict broke out in Kosovo where Albanians (Kosovo Liberation Army) strove for independence, Serbia resists, NATO begins bombings in 1999 (Operation Deliberate Force) to the force Serbs out of Kosovo. bombings July, 2001 Serbs vote Milosovic out of office and new Serb government turns him over to War Crimes Trial Tribunal in the Netherlands.July, 2001 Serbs vote Milosovic out of office and new Serb government turns him over to War Crimes Trial Tribunal in the Netherlands.

Examples of Changes  Western Europe In 1986 Europe agreed to “The Single European Act” which laid down a framework to establish a single economic market in Europe In 1986 Europe agreed to “The Single European Act” which laid down a framework to establish a single economic market in Europe 1991 member states signed the “Maastricht Treaty” to use a single currency in a new monetary market in Europe by member states signed the “Maastricht Treaty” to use a single currency in a new monetary market in Europe by European Community created a single trade market known as the “European Union” European Community created a single trade market known as the “European Union”. In January, 2002, the new Euro currency began to circulate in Europe. In January, 2002, the new Euro currency began to circulate in Europe.

Examples of Changes  Western Europe Opposition grew from much of the general population. Opposition grew from much of the general population. Some resented many of the rules passed down by the EUSome resented many of the rules passed down by the EU Unity also took away local control of trade, some feared handing over control to distant “Eurocrats”.Unity also took away local control of trade, some feared handing over control to distant “Eurocrats”. Member nations also had to meet strict budget restraints and had to make proposed budget cuts.Member nations also had to meet strict budget restraints and had to make proposed budget cuts. Examples:Examples: In France, President Jacques Chirac faced opposition from Socialist and labor unions when he introduced cuts and France erupted into mass protest. In France, President Jacques Chirac faced opposition from Socialist and labor unions when he introduced cuts and France erupted into mass protest. Chirac was forced to back down when voters voted the Socialist Party a majority in the National Assembly. Chirac was forced to back down when voters voted the Socialist Party a majority in the National Assembly.

Examples of Changes  Western Europe Opposition grew from much of the general population. Opposition grew from much of the general population. Examples:Examples: In 1991 in the new re-united Germany, Helmut Kohl pumped financial investment into the poorer Eastern part of Germany with little effect. In 1991 in the new re-united Germany, Helmut Kohl pumped financial investment into the poorer Eastern part of Germany with little effect. Unemployment soared to over 12% by 1997 (in the East it was over 20%!)Unemployment soared to over 12% by 1997 (in the East it was over 20%!) East German women suffered greatly since before unification they held jobs, and these jobs were lost after unification. (So, also lost a sense of autonomy).East German women suffered greatly since before unification they held jobs, and these jobs were lost after unification. (So, also lost a sense of autonomy). This led to Kohl being voted out of office in 1998.This led to Kohl being voted out of office in Eventually the European Union (EU) grew: Eventually the European Union (EU) grew: January 1, 2002 all existing members adopted the new common currency the Euro into circulation.January 1, 2002 all existing members adopted the new common currency the Euro into circulation.

Examples of Changes  Western Europe Eventually the European Union (EU) grew: Eventually the European Union (EU) grew: January 1, 2002 all existing members adopted the new common currency the Euro into circulation.January 1, 2002 all existing members adopted the new common currency the Euro into circulation. With this smooth transition, other nations soon joined and by May, 2004 expanding the EU’s size to over 455 million people and 25 countries:With this smooth transition, other nations soon joined and by May, 2004 expanding the EU’s size to over 455 million people and 25 countries: Poland Poland Czech Republic Czech Republic Hungary Hungary Slovenia Slovenia Slovakia Slovakia Estonia Estonia Lithuania…and others Lithuania…and others

Examples of Changes  Western Europe Eventually the European Union (EU) grew: Eventually the European Union (EU) grew: In June, 2004 a new constitution was written establishing a single “rule book” of all the various trade treaties and agreements made since 1957.In June, 2004 a new constitution was written establishing a single “rule book” of all the various trade treaties and agreements made since Created a president, foreign minister and a voting system weighted to reflect the differences in population of member nations.Created a president, foreign minister and a voting system weighted to reflect the differences in population of member nations. In order for the constitution to take effect, all nations must ratify it, which has been difficult since many (especially Britain) feared giving up their economic autonomy.In order for the constitution to take effect, all nations must ratify it, which has been difficult since many (especially Britain) feared giving up their economic autonomy.

Primary Source Document: Primary Source Document: As you read the following account of the As you read the following account of the experience of one Bosnian Muslim sent to experience of one Bosnian Muslim sent to a Serbian concentration camp in “The Road a Serbian concentration camp in “The Road to Manjaca”, highlight or underline conditions, fears, worries, concerns, and threats he experienced. experienced.

Create a Venn diagram comparing the Serbian Concentration camp to those of Nazi Germany: Serbian Nazi