CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) phospholipids proteins Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ out BILAYER in MEMBRANE PROTEINS ____________________- stick on inside or outside surface ____________________- go part way or all the way through _________________ - recognize “self” _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL GLYCOPROTEINS TRANSPORT FUNCTION: SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out ___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________ CONTROLS HOMEOSTASIS cytoplasm __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane

NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DOUBLE ENVELOPE CONTROL PORES DNA RIBOSOMES Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________ ___________ CENTER OF CELL Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______) Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) ENVELOPE CONTROL PORES DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. CHROMATIN DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called ______________ & _________________ FUNCTION: _________________________ ___________________________________ MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS Helps cell maintain shape; Support; Helps in movement

CENTRIOLES Pull chromosomes apart; MICROTUBULES ANIMAL Made of __________________________ Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Function:__________________________________ ANIMAL Pull chromosomes apart;

MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) DOUBLE Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______ DNA Power plant GLUCOSE ATP Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) CRISTAE

RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS Can be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER MADE OF ______________ & ________ FUNCTION: _____________________ PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi for export Smooth ER: Makes membrane lipids (__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver PROTEINS ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) STEROIDS CALCIUM TOXINS

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for ______________ or _______________ out of cell stack of pancakes membranes storage export

Digestive enzymes LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________ Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism Digestive enzymes food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; APOPTOSIS

CILIA & FLAGELLA MICROTUBULES Made of PROTEINS called _______________ organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________ CILIA =________ & __________ FUNCTION: ______________________ ________________________________ FLAGELLA =______ & ________ FUNCTION: _________________ 9 + 2 MOVEMENT MANY SHORT move cells; move substances past cells FEW LONG Move cells

CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ instead. PEPTIDOGLYCAN

VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ plant Proteins, carbohydrates, water, waste plant Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells, Not in _________________ animal bacteria

CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS DNA THYLAKOIDS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANT

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST