PROTEIN SYNTHESIS From DNA to RNA to Proteins

Genes Sections of DNA that controls making of physical traits/proteins

Types of RNA Messenger(mRNA)-carries protein making instructions from DNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- Part of the ribosome-Makes proteins. Transfer RNA (tRNA)- transfers amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome to make a protein.

DNA vs. RNA (differences) RNA –Sugar (Ribose) –Phosphate group –Nitrogenous Bases A U=Uracil(Not “T”) G C Single Stranded Shorter DNA –Sugar (Deoxyribose) –Phosphate Group –Nitogenous Bases –A–A –T=Thymine –G–G –C–C _Double Stranded Longer

Protein Synthesis Overview 2 Main Processes –Transcription-_DNA_ copied into mRNA (nucleus) –Translation-mRNA made into proteins_ ________ (ribosomes in cytoplasm)

DNA mRNA Transcription! RibosometRNA Amino acid Protein Translation!!!!

=ztPkv7wc3yUhttp:// =ztPkv7wc3yU Transcription video

Transcription 1. DNA is unzipped (by RNA polymerase-enzyme) at a gene. “Promoter” initiates copying. 2. ONE strand of the DNA template is transcribed (copied) into mRNA using complimentary base pairing. 3. RNA polymerase reaches “termination Signal”/end of gene. Stops copying.

Simulation ol/phbio/active_art/protein_synth esis/index.htmlhttp:// ol/phbio/active_art/protein_synth esis/index.html

Transcribe the following DNA strands. ATTCGACG UAAGCUGC TTACCAGC AAUGGUCG TTAAAACG AAUUUUGC

Codon 3 consecutive nitrogen bases on mRNA that specify 1 particular amino acid.

FLOW OF GENETIC INFO Genetic Trait- Blue eyes

A C B NUCLEUS

Translation Video =B6O6uRb1D38&feature=relatedhttp:// =B6O6uRb1D38&feature=related

Translation -- The decoding of mRNA into a protein Nuclear envelope tRNA Amino acid Polypeptide chain Cell membrane

Transcription/translation video =NJxobgkPEAohttp:// =NJxobgkPEAo

Translation Decode mRNA to Proteins

Steps of Translation 1. The mRNA strand is broken into codons –(Codon- 3 bases that code for an amino acids.)

Translation 2.Ribosome reads the codons and translates them into amino acids. How?? –Uses the Genetic Code –Match the first letter on the left –Match the second letter on the top –Match the third letter on the right –Ex: codon AUG – Amino Acid: Methionine

What amino acid goes with the following codons: UGG- GAA- ACA- UAG- AGC- CAG-

Example

Translate and write polypeptide (amino acid) chain DNA- AGGCGGAGGCGG mRNA-UCCGCCUCCGCC Amino Acid-Ser-ala-ser-ala

DNA STRAND (Transcribe, translate, amino acid) C C A T A G C A C G T T A C A A C G T G A A G G T A A

3. rRNA sends for the tRNA to bring the correct amino acids. 4.The tRNA anticodons match up with the mRNA codons –Ex: mRNACUG-codon – t RNAGAC -anticodon brings the amino acid methionine attached to it. 5.Amino acids are attached to each other making a protein, until a STOP codon is reached

Translation continued 6. Disassembly- Ribosome complex falls apart. Polypeptide chain (protein) is released.

CYTOPLASM

DNA: ACA TTG TAG CAT mRNA: AminoAcids: DNA: TTT TAC TGG CGC GTA mRNA: AminoAcids:

Protein shape video-honors only =lijQ3a8yUYQhttp:// =lijQ3a8yUYQ

FLOW OF GENETIC INFO

Protein Paths (Protein Synthesis) (p.83) 1. Nucleus- DNA copied to RNA 2. Ribosomes- RNA attaches to ribosomes (on ER) for protein synthesis. 3. Protein leaves ER and goes to Golgi Apparatus 4. Proteins modified/packaged in Golgi 5. Vesicles release proteins out of cell through cell membrane

Which is the correct path of protein synthesis??? D C B A

Protein Paths (Protein Synthesis) (p.83) 1. Nucleus- DNA copied to RNA 2. Ribosomes/Rough ER- Synthesize Proteins (send to Golgi) 3. Golgi Apparatus- modifies/packages/sends proteins 4. Cell Membrane- carries proteinsfrom Golgi (in vesicles) to be releasedfrom cell

Path of Proteins-