Eukaryote Cells Eukaryote Structure Overview: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments Flagella & Cilia Nuclear Structure & Cell Cycle Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi Apparatus Exocytosis & Endocytosis Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Contrast to Prokaryotes

Peroxisome: Oxidizes amino acids, fatty acids and alcohol; self replicating. Vacuole: membrane bound; liquid filled; storage of reserves and/or wastes. Cell Wall: cellulose and lignin in plants; chitin in fungi; no peptidoglycan Eukaryote Cell “Anatomy”

Cytoskeleton Components Three types, each of a different structure protein. –Microfilaments: actin –Microtubules: tubulins –Intermediate Filaments: vimentin General Function: –Cell Shape –Cell Movement –Intracellular Transport These images are an excellent example of immuno-fluorescence microscopy; each involves an antibody attached to a unique fluorochrome dye that will bind to a specific to a protein type. NOTE: You are not responsible for memorizing types of proteins here.

Eukaryote Flagella and Cilia Structure of both flagella and cilia: Note pairs of microtubule filaments arranges in a 1:9 configuration. The outer pairs contract and expand along the central pair causing the structure to bend. Eukaryote flagella: makes waves. (Recall prokaryote flagella cork screws) Cilia: makes a different motion; they have two distinct strokes: an “effective” propelling stroke and then a “recovery” stroke that prepares the cilia for the next effective stroke. Cells with cilia typically have many that stroke in unisons.

Eukaryote Genome: chromosomes are linear; more than one type; each carries a unique set of genes; often pairs of the same chromosome type (diploid). Nuclear Structure Nucleolus: Where ribosome subunits are made. Chromatin: all the DNA and proteins of chromosomes.

Idealized Eukaryote Cell Cycle Growth and chromosome replication (double copies). Condensation ; organization of identical replicates; separation and new nuclei form; cell division. Much more complex than prokaryote.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Synthesis Lipid membrane synthesis Transport of proteins and lipids Rough ER has attached ribosomes Smooth ER has no ribosomes Vesicles bud off to the Golgi Apparatus

forming side matured side Golgi Apparatus: Protein processing & modification Packaging for Secretion

Secretion Vesicles & Exocytosis Or Residual Body

Endocytosis & Lysosomes

F 1 particles & ATP synthesis Mitochondria * Energy metabolism * Self replicating * Own DNA

Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis; self replicating; own DNA.

Table 4.2