By A. Riasi Ph.D. in Animal physiology and nutrition Advance physiology By A. Riasi Ph.D. in Animal physiology and nutrition Isfahan University of Technology (IUT)

فیزیولوژی سلول ( فیزیولوژی غشا و اجزای سلول، فعالیت سلول و کنترل آن ) فیزیولوژی سلول های ماهیچه ای و عصب فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق ( مقدمه، ساختمان قلب و عروق و کنترل عملکرد آن، منحنی ECG) فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق ( کنترل کوتاه مدت، متوسط و دراز مدت قلب ) فيزیولوژی دستگاه تنفس ( ساختمان و کنترل عملکرد آن، تهویه، دیفیوژن، انتقال اکسیژن در ششها و عروق و سلول ) فیزیولوژی کلیه ( نفرون ها، فیلتراسیون و باز جذب ) فيزیولوژی کلیه ( کنترل GFR و مکانیزم دفع ادرار ) فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش ( ساختمان دهان، مری، معده، روده کوچک و عملکرد آنها ) فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش ( سیری و گرسنگی ) ، یافته های جدید علم دستگاه گوارش. Outlines

References  Animal Physiology by: Sherwood et al.  Duck’s Physiology of Domestic Animals by: H. H. Duck’s  Anatomy and Physiology by: A. C. Guyton  The Animal Science Journals

Cell structure  Cells have the ability to grow, replicate, perform complex metabolic reaction, and respond to environmental stimuli.  Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells  We need to use the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for studying the cell structures.

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Cell membrane

Cell membrane morphology

Cytoplasm & cytosol  Cytoplasm is material between plasma membrane and the nucleus.  Cytoplasmic organelles are metabolic machinery of the cell.  Cytosol occupying about 55% of the total cell volume.

Cytoplasm & cytosol  Cytosol is the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that surround the organelles.  Cytosol is actually more like a highly organized gelatinous mass with difference in composition and gelatinous consistency between various regions and states of the cells.

 Specialized cellular compartments  Membranous  Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus  Nonmembranous  Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes Cytoplasmic organelles

Cell’s organelles

 Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin  Gene-containing control center of the cell  Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized Nucleus & Nucleolus

Figure 3.28a Nucleus & Nucleolus

 Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores.  Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes.  Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus. Nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Endo-membrane System  Plasma membrane  ER  Nuclear membrane  Golgi apparatus  Vesicles Figure 3.23

 Stacked and flattened membranous sacs.  Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins.  Transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi.  Secretory vesicles leave the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell. Golgi apparatus

Role of the Golgi Apparatus (Shipping department) Figure 3.21

 Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes.  Digest ingested bacteria, etc.  Degrade nonfunctional organelles. Lysosomes

Cytoskeleton  The “skeleton” of the cell  Series of rods running through the cytosol  Consists of  Microtubules – hollow tubes  Microfilaments – thin, solid strands of actin  Intermediate filaments – coiled strands of protein

Figure 3.24

Centrioles  Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus  Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis  Form the bases of cilia and flagella

Centrioles

Cilia  Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells  Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces

Cilia

Mitochondria (Power house)  Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae  Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration  Contain their own DNA and RNA

Mitochondria

Motor Molecules  Protein complexes that function in motility  Powered by ATP  Attach to receptors on organelles

Motor Molecules

Figure 3.25b

Motor Molecules