ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are not all the same  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuclear Membrane  Barrier of nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleoli  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin  Composed of DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Barrier for cell contents  Double phospholipid layer  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins MEMBRANE STRUCTURE ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)  Replicate by pinching in half

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g