Prof. Dr. E. Koukios, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, GR ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ Reasons for Bioeconomy to be Part of the Europan Strategy ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΔΠΜΣ “ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ ” Β10. Βιομάζα (Βιοενέργεια)

Defining Bioeconomy  The term “bioeconomy” includes all industrial and economic sectors that produce, manage and otherwise exploit biological resources, and related services, supply or consumer industries, such as: - Agriculture; fisheries; forestry; aquaculture; - Agro-, food, wood, fibre and other bio-industries; - Human and animal health; pharmaceuticals; - Biochemicals; biomaterials; “green” bio-chemistry; - Bioenergy; biofuels; other bio-products; - Bio-remediation; bio-waste management; - Bio/eco-systems management; rural development.

The goal is a more innovative and low-emissions economy, reconciling demands for sustainable agriculture and fisheries, food security, and the sustainable use of renewable biological resources for industrial purposes, while ensuring biodiversity and environmental protection. The Knowledge-Based BioEconomy (or KBBE) is part of the new EU strategy, Horizon 2020, for a number of serious reasons, as follows: At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

I.HIGH STAKES: Most of the key bioeconomy sectors are of a high strategic interest for Europe and the world (e.g., food, farming, plant and animal health, forest), thus raising the stakes for immediate action and/or inaction, particularly at the policy level. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

II. CHANGE DYNAMICS: The “winds of change” threaten the status quo in almost all EU bioeconomy fields, acting on both supply and demand, and destabilizing century-long equilibria; see, e.g., the effects of emerging economies on the management of global bioresources. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

III. INNOVATION POTENTIAL: Unlocking the potential of the bio-world constitutes a major challenge for European researchers and innovators, offering opportunities for synergistic and accelerated development of novel products, services, tools, methods and solutions. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS: Making good use of the growing reservoir of biological knowledge, and especially the environmental biotechnology’s potential, could lead to a symbiotic development of environment-friendly applications in all bioeconomy areas. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

V. CLIMATE CHANGE: The bio-world offers its unique properties for the mitigation of the climatic change vectors, e.g., greenhouse gases, through photosynthetic, and other biological pathways, along with the generation of climate-neutral solutions, e.g., clean bioenergy/biofuels. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

VI. SUBSTITUTION: Fossil, non-sustainable organic resources, products and conversion chains can be replaced by sustainable bio-based resources, products and processing chains; this represents a key step for Europe to reach its GHG reduction goals, and lower its dependence upon fossils (oil, coal and gas) and the associated economic and political risks of their supply. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

VII. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS: Keeping a bioeconomy perspective facilitates matching of the rapidly changing societal needs and concerns to an also changing production base; at the same time, bioeconomy represents a great source of future employment. Thus, bioeconomy research should be continuously orientated towards developing country issues, in coordination with development policies. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

VIII. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES: Along with the support of several KBBE-related European industries, e.g., food, pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, forest-products, a bioeconomy strategy could open the way to new “waves” of SMEs and other business, and new breeds of enterpreneuship. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

IX. POLICY COORDINATION: The critical but extremely complex task of coordinating regional, national and other policies concerning all bioeconomy sectors and their interactions can only be performed within a unified, KBBE-like policy frame. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

X. REGIONAL NICHES: The deployment of bioeconomy and biosociety applications could mobilize local and regional natural and human resources in utilisation directions respecting local cultures and traditions, and even building upon them to develop regional niches of sustainable growth. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

XI. EUROPEAN VALUE: The progress of European integration (economic, social, political, other) cannot stop at the gates of the biological world; by their nature, bio/eco-systems resist to artificial borderlines, so their rational management could benefit from a unified EU KBBE frame. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

XII. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: The majority of the less developed countries depend upon their bioeconomies for survival and growth, e.g., cash crops, food and fibre exports; research on bioprocesses that could upgrade such feedstocks are of high importance for sustainable development. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

XIII. A SMART MOVE: Intelligence is one of the functions of biological systems, in most cases being integrated to the life- cycle of the organisms or the operation of ecosystems; therefore, in order to target a really smart EU economy, the Commission should also take advantage of the bioeconomy-embedded intelligence. At the Forefront of the Emerging Bioeconomy and Biosociety: Bioenergy Vectors - Introduction

Measuring Bioeconomy in Europe (EC data) MISSING INFO ON: - Conventional sectors: aquaculture, HUMAN HEALTH - Imports and exports of food, fibre and other biomass - Emerging, knowledge-based sectors: “green chemistry” - Added-value and rural multiplier coefficients - Food & feed supplements, substitutes, additives, specialty - Bio-wastes and residues - More recent/better quality data from Member States

BIOECONOMY 2050 (ECN): A Cartoonist’s Glimpse into the Future

EU Regions – 4 Bioeconomy Models

EU Countries Income vs. Innovation

EU Countries (Income vs. Innovation) vs. Environment

EU Regions – 4 Bioeconomy Models

Implementing Green Bioeconomy Within a Multi-Policy Environment

EU Renewable energy regulatory framework The RED obliges Member States to achieve a general target of 20% renewables in all energy used by 2020 and a sub-target of 10% renewables in the transport sector. All types of renewable energy used in all transport modes are included in the target setting. Some renewable energy sources are counted differently. For example, the contribution of advanced biofuels towards achieving the 10% target is counted twice whereas electricity from renewable energy sources for road transport counts 2.5 times. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT – “RED” (23 April 2009) Biomass means the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste (definition according RED)

EU Renewable energy regulatory framework The use of agricultural material such as manure, slurry and other animal and organic waste for biogas production has, in view of the high greenhouse gas emission saving potential, significant environmental advantages in terms of heat and power production and its use as biofuel. Biogas installations can, as a result of their decentralised nature and the regional investment structure, contribute significantly to sustainable development in rural areas and offer farmers new income opportunities. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT – “RED” (23 April 2009)

EU Renewable energy regulatory framework According to the RED, biofuels must meet minimum sustainability criteria as well as minimum GHG savings per energy unit. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT – “RED” (23 April 2009)

EU Renewable energy regulatory framework The FQD sets environmental requirements for gasoline and diesel fuel in order to reduce their GHG intensity. These requirements consist of technical specifications for fuel quality parameters and binding targets to reduce the fuels’ life cycle GHG emissions. By 2020, based on a 2010 baseline, the FQD requires: - 6% reduction in the GHG intensity of fuels traded in the EU by 2020 (2% indicative reduction by 2014 and 4% by 2017); - 2% reduction in the GHG intensity of fuels traded in the EU by 2020 from developments in new technologies, such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS); - 2% reduction in the GHG intensity of fuels traded in the EU by 2020 from the purchase of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credits under the Kyoto Protocol17. The last two targets are subject to review. The FQD places the responsibility for reducing life cycle GHG emissions of fuels traded in the EU on fuel suppliers. DIRECTIVE 2009/30/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT – “FQD” (April 2009)

BIOMASS: From feedstock to end products

A.Cereal straws B.Fruit trees pruning C.Herbaceous perennial energy crops D.Herbaceous annual energy crops

Biofuel production system complexity GAO, Biofuels: Potential Effects and Challenges of Required Increases in Production and Use, DIANE Publishing.

Biomass-to-energy products

Revenues potential along the entire value chain (approximate business potential in US$ bilions by 2020

U. Diwekar, Y. Shastri, Design for energy and environment, proceeding of the 7 th int. conf. on the foundations of the computer aided process design, 2009, p39 Green design from industrial ecology to sustainability

Socio-economic factors influencing the development of biorefineries Survey: 27 decision makers (regional, national, EU level) from all over Europe

(July 02, 2012) General attitude towards different manufacturing systems

Level of knowledge of EU citizens (July 02, 2012)

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