Greece Chapter 5 SOL 5a-g

Location Aegean Sea Greek peninsula, Europe, Asia Minor Mediterranean Sea Black Sea, Dardanelles Athens, Sparta, Troy Macedonia What does this geography tell us about Greece?

Economy and Social Development Agriculture: limited arable land What does arable mean? Commerce and the spread of Hellenic culture What is Hellenic culture? (vocabulary) Shift from barter to money economy What does this mean?

Mythology What does mythology mean? Based on polytheistic religion Used to explain natural phenomena, human qualities and life events Set cultural norms Iliad and Odyssey Achilles Hector Odysseus Paris Helen of Troy

Zeus / jupiter King of gods Thunderbolts Eagle Ganymede

Hera / juno Queen of gods Goddess of marriage Peacock

Apollo God of healing Music, poetry Prophecy Sun Hunting Crow

Artemis / diana Goddess of earth, wildlife, hunt Never married Quail

Aphrodite / venus Goddess of love Beauty Dove

Athena / minerva Goddess of wisdom, war/peace Created olive tree Goddess of city of Athens Owl

Hermes / Mercury Messenger “Speedy” Invented harp Tortoise

Ares / Mars War god Liked Aphrodite Vulture, Woodpecker

Poseidon / neptune God of the sea, earthquakes, rivers, floods, droughts, horses Holds a Trident

Greek Political Life Polis – city-state – an independent city that is its own country Gave a Greek person his identify Socrates - If you don’t belong to a polis, you’re not human Each polis had its own kind of government Monarchy Dictatorship Democracy Oligarchy Aristocracy

Political Development Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states Helped – not much interaction with neighbors Hindered – hard to expand Overpopulation led to colonization More space to live More farmland

Social structure and Citizenship Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civil participation inn government. Women and foreigners had no political rights Slaves had no political rights

Greek Military Greek citizens expected to fight Invented the phalanyx Meat grinder

How did democracy develop in Athens? Stages in evolution of Athenian government Monarchy Aristocracy Tyranny Democracy Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco and Solon Draco: Law code with harsh punishments for all crimes (debt slavery) Solon: revised Draco laws and made them more humane (outlawed debt slavery); drafted a new constitution Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen **What are each of these like?

How did Sparta differ from Athens? Oligarchy: rule by a small group Rigid social structure Militaristic and aggressive society Life revolved around the military and preparation for war

WAR Persian Wars (499-449 BC) Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire First War Greek victories over the Persians at Marathon Link to website on Marathon Second War Thermopylae = Persian victory Greek victory at Salamis left Greeks in Control of the Aegean Sea. Athens preserved its independence and continued innovation in government and culture

Golden Age of Pericles 461-429 b.c. Mostly occurring between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars Pericles extended democracy Only most adult males had an equal voice Pericles rebuilt Athens after destruction in Persian Wars The Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction

The Parthenon

Contributions of Greek culture to Western Civilizations Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles Poetry: Homer History: Herodotus, Thucydides Sculpture: Phidias Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras Architecture: Types of columns Doric Ionian Corinthian

WAR Peloponnesian War (431-404BC) Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world—Athens and the Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power Sparta began the war and was the victor

Phillip II, King of Macedon 50 years after the Peloponnesian War small battles between Sparta and Athens weakened Greece Philip once a prisoner of Greece used his time to learn about Greek military tactics Used this knowledge to conquered most of Greece Advanced phalynx Murdered and his son, Alexander the Great takes control

Alexander the Great Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the Margins of India Extended Greek cultural influence

Hellenistic Age Blending of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences in Greece Blend of Greek and oriental elements Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade