I. New Islamic Empires B. The Delhi Sultanate Arrival of Islam Afghan warlords began raids of northern India in the 11 th century Motivated by desire to spread Islam, Plunder Hindu and Buddhist temples

I. New Islamic Empires 2. Conquest Turkish invaders from central Asia arrived in late 12 th century Unified by religion (Islam) Motivated by conquest Backed with superior weapons -Crossbows and iron stirrups Able to defeat divided Indians

I. New Islamic Empires 3.Foundation Sultan Iltutmish, established the Delhi Sultanate as a Muslim state Brutal conquerors transformed into benign rulers their Hindu subjects never forgave the violence of the conquest.

I. New Islamic Empires 4. Raziya Iltutmish passed his throne on to his daughter, Raziya. Raziya was a talented ruler, but she was driven from office by men -unwilling to accept a female monarch.

I. New Islamic Empires 5. Expansion Under Ala-ud-din (r. 1296–1316) and Muhammad ibn Tughluq (r. 1325–1351), the Delhi Sultanate carried out a policy of aggressive territorial expansion Accompanied by a policy of religious toleration toward Hindus a policy that was reversed by Tughluq’s successor.

I. New Islamic Empires 6.Rule and decline In general, the Delhi sultans ruled by terror Harsh military reprisals, pillage and high taxes. In the 14 th century, internal rivalries and external threats undermined the stability of the Sultanate. The Sultanate was destroyed when Timur sacked Delhi in 1390

II. Social And Cultural Change, A.Architecture, Learning and Religion 1.Places of Worship African Muslims built mosques with local materials -Sun-baked clay in Sudan, Coral stone in Swahili coast Hindu temples influence design of mosques Christian churches built using Ethiopian tradition of rock sculpture

II. Social And Cultural Change, Learning Mosques, churches and temples were centers of education Islam promoted to the spread of literacy in Africa -Initial in Arabic, then in local languages

II. Social And Cultural Change, Timbuktu West African city 150 Quranic schools Scholars studied Islamic law theology and administration Mathematics, medicine in science -Based on ancient Greek writings Books became most valuable import to the city

II. Social And Cultural Change, Conversion Rulers did not generally impose their religion Spread through missionaries, merchants and marriage Islamic invasion to India destroyed last strongholds of Buddhism in subcontinent Islam replaced Buddhism as second most important religion in India Hinduism still dominant faith

II. Social And Cultural Change, B. Social and Gender Distinctions 1.Slave Trade Hundreds of thousands of Hindus made slaves after Muslim Conquest African slaves were sent to North Africa, across the Red Sea, and to India -As far as China 2.5 million enslaved Africans Growth in slavery brought increased prosperity to the elites

II. Social And Cultural Change, Slaves Dominated skilled trades and military service Others did hard menial work -Mining Wealthy households employed slaves as servants Slaves became so plentiful that horses sold for higher prices

II. Social And Cultural Change, Gender Sati seen as being optional Daughters still given away in marriage before puberty -Consummation later Wives faces stricter punishments for infidelity Women not permitted role in commerce, administration or religion

II. Social And Cultural Change, Women and Labor Child rearing and food preparation Brewing Farm work Making clay pots, spinning yarn, marketing