Latin Revolutions

Social classes divided Latin America ► Peninsulares ► Creoles ► Mestizos ► Creoles resented the peninsulares; they wanted equality and got ideas from other revolutions ► Began to denounce Spanish and Portuguese rule in the nineteenth century

► Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture led 100,000 slaves to revolt in Hispanola (Haiti) Became the first independent state in Latin America

South America ► Jose de San Martin- believed all Spaniards needed to be out of South America to be free ► 1810 gained independence for Argentina from Spain ► 1817 attacked Chile and defeated Spain ► 1821 moved to Lima and Peru  Needed help from Simon Bolivar ► Bolivar Liberated Venezuela

South America ► By end of Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Columbia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile all became independent states ► Central America became independent from Portugal in 1823  Divided into 5 republics ► Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua

South America ► Europeans still wanted control in Latin America ► British wanted to trade with Latin America and asked United States to join forces and attack Latin American Nations  US disagreed ► Wrote the Monroe Doctrine  Guaranteed Latin American independence and warned against European intervention

Difficulties in Nation Building ► Most nations were left with poverty ► Commutation and unifying the nation was difficult ► Still dependent of western nations ► Struggled to build governments and often had Caudillos  Ruled by military force ► Some were supportive building up the country others were destructive ► Juan Manual de Rosas (Argentina)  Was supported by the masses ► When caudillos died or lost power civil wars often broke out to for control of country

► Although Latin American nations were independent from Spain and Portugal Great Britain now dominated economy  Old trade patterns emerged ► Exports- Wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, and hides ► Imports- consumer goods including textiles ► Foreigners kept domination of Latin American economy ► Nations kept their own political independence

Inequality remained ► Landed elites controlled much of economy and government  Wrote constitutions much like the United States  Limited voting to keep power

United States in Latin America ► Cuba became a protectorate ► Puerto Rico was annexed ► 1903 US helped Panama separate from Columbia  In exchange received control of 10 mile strip of land and built the Panama Canal ► US military forces  Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Columbia, Haiti and

Mexico ► Miguel Hidalgo with mestizos and Native Americans revolted against Spanish rule  Formed a mob army to attack the Spaniards  Sept Mexico’s independence day ► This frightened Peninsulares and Creoles  They banned together to defeat revolutionary forces  Then overthrow Spanish rule to keep their own power

Mexico ► Augustin Itubide new leader only lasts 1 year ( ) ► Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna( ) – misused state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos  American settlers in Texas revolted against him  War between Mexico and US followed  Mexico lost almost ½ of land

Mexico ► Benito Juarez ( )  Brought liberal reforms to Mexico ► Separation of church and state ► Land distribution to the poor ► Educational system for all people

Mexico ► Porfirio Diaz ( )  Centralized government supported by ► Army ► Foreign capitalists ► Large landowners ► Catholic Church  Wages of workers were low  Only a few families owned most of land  Madero forced power from Diaz in 1911 but was ineffective

Mexico ► Emilian Zapata brought the masses together and began to seize estates of wealthy landowners  1917 a new constitution was written ► Government set up with a president ► Land-reform policies ► Limits on foreign investors ► Agenda to help workers  Patriotism with intellectuals and artists who wanted to capture what was unique and special about Mexico