Homework Review Assignment #5 due for tomorrow. Castle Learning will be due at 11:59 tomorrow night. The following changes to the review assignment sheet are being made: For Review #7, you will also be answering the scaffolding questions and preparing an outline for the DBQ from the August 2012 Regents (you will receive this in a few days). For Review #8, you will NOT be writing another thematic essay. Instead, on Thursday night I want you to study for a practice Regents we will be taking in class on Friday. You will receive 50 multiple choice questions. If your score on this practice Regents is higher than your lowest grade of the quarter, it will REPLACE that grade.

Regents Review #4 June 8, 2015

Ottoman Empire

Voyages of Zheng He

Christopher Columbus A. In 1492, he convinces King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain that he can find a direct water route to Asia by sailing west. B. Finds the islands of the Bahamas (dubbed San Salvador), Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) and Cuba instead. Begins the Columbian Exchange (transfer of food, plants and animals from the Americas back to Europe). Americas provide Europe with corn and potatoes, Europe introduces horses, cattle and pigs to the Americas.

Mayas: Southern Mexico and Northern Central America (Mesoamerica) Mayas: Hieroglyphic writing system, two accurate calendars, created zero (around the same time as the Gupta in India).

Aztecs: Mexico Built a massive empire in Mexico. Established a massive capital in Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico City) with palaces, temples and canals for transportation/irrigation. Created chinampas (floating gardens) to grow more food. Built massive pyramids with temples on top to honor their gods. Practiced human sacrifice. Conquered by the Spanish conquistadors (led by Hernando Cortes) in 1521.

Incas: South America Had an empire in the Andes mountains of Peru (capital was Cuzco). Also controlled territory in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina. Adapted to their geography with a network of roads (14,000 miles) and terrace farming. Conquered by the Spanish conquistadors (led by Francisco Pizarro) in 1534. Terrace Farming

Mercantilism Economic system in Europe (16th – 18th centuries). Based on the idea that: A country must keep gold and silver in the nation by developing a favorable balance of trade, where you export (sell) more goods than you import (buy). Colonies must be established to provide raw materials and markets for goods. This will bring wealth into your country and make you self-sufficient!

Absolutism Absolutism: A form of government that emerges in many European countries in the 16th and 17th centuries (1500s-1600s). It is when you have unlimited and unchallenged political authority in the hands of a single ruler. Justified by Divine Right. Some examples of absolute rulers are: Philip II: Absolute monarch of Spain Louis XIV: Absolute monarch of France. Built the palace of Versailles as the symbol of his power. Peter the Great: Absolute monarch of Russia. He westernized Russia (imitated the customs and traditions of countries in Western Europe in order to strengthen his nation). Suleiman the Magnificent: Absolute monarch of the Ottoman Empire. Louis XIV

England Rejects Absolutism England never liked the idea of the monarch having absolute power – always wanted to set limits on the power of the monarchy: Magna Carta (1215): States that people in England are entitled to a trial by jury, protection of the law, and no taxation without representation. Even the king can’t take away these rights. Parliament was an elected legislature that was supposed to share power with the king. In the 1600s, the Stuart kings (James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II) try to establish absolutism in England. English people resist by fighting the English Civil War (1642-1649), where Charles I was beheaded, and the Glorious Revolution, where James II fled and was replaced by William and Mary. In 1689, William and Mary agree to the English Bill of Rights. This eliminates absolutism, creates a Constitutional (limited) monarchy for England, where the the king must share power with Parliament and there are legal limits on his power. The king is not allowed to Suspend Parliament’s laws Pass taxes without permission from Parliament Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament

Triangular Trade Originally, Europeans used Native Americans as slave labor in their colonies in North and South America (Encomienda System). When too many of them died, African slaves replaced Native Americans as forced laborers in the colonies.