Oku o/kZu 1 Qy ,oa cht

Qy dk ifjo/kZu (Development of Fruit) fu"kspu ds ckn v.Mk’k; esa dbZ ifjorZu A vUr esa chtk.M ls cht vkSj Qy mRiUu Qy ,d idk gqvk v.Mk’k; gh gSA Qy esa eq[; :i esa nks Hkkx & ¼v½ Qykoj.k ;k QyfHkfŸk (Pericarp) – Peri= pkjksa vksj] Karpos = Qy½ & v.Mk’k; dh nhokj ls curk gSA ¼c½ cht (Seeds)- ;s chtk.M ls curs gSaA dqN Qyksa esa cht gh ugha curk A ,sls Qy cht jfgr ;k vijkxu Qy (Seedless or parthenocarpic fruits) dgykrs gSaA tSls vaxqj] uk’kikrh] dsyk vkfnA

Changes after fertilization Ovary >>>>>>>> Fruit Ovule(s) >>>>>>>>>> Seed(s)

Qykoj.k ;k QyfHkfŸk (Pericarp) QyfHkfŸk ;k Qykoj.k & eksVk ;k iryk HkhA eksVk Qykoj.k rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS & ¼1½ cfgQZy fHkfŸk ¼Epicarp½&;g izk;% Qy dk fNydk cukrh gSA ¼2½ e/; QyfHkfŸk ¼Mesocarp½& ;g Qy dk jlhyk vkSj xwnsnkj Hkkx cukrh gSA ¼3½ vUrQZy fHkfŸk ¼Endocarp½& ;g Qy dk dBksj vkSj iFkjhyk Hkkx cukrh gS tSls vke] rkM+] vkfn esa ;k iryh f>Yyhnkj gks tkrh gS tSls ukjaxh] larjk] uhcw vkfn esaA

FRUIT

DRY FRUITS

INDEHISCENT FRUITS Dry fruits which do not split along definite lines to release seeds at maturity. Achene (Close fitting pericarp surrounding a single seed).  what we think of as the "seed" is actually an achene, a fruit containing the seed. sunflower Samara (Ovary wall forms a winglike structure. Dry; seed dispersal by wind) maple

Caryopsis (Close fitting pericarp fused to a single seed Caryopsis (Close fitting pericarp fused to a single seed. Seed coat fused with ovary wall) grains-corn, wheat Nut (Thick woody pericarp surrounding a single seed) oak acorn, walnut

DEHISCENT FRUITS Fruits which open at maturity to shed their seeds. Follicle (Fruit splits open along ONE seam) Milkweed Legume (Fruit splits open along TWO seams) Beans, Peas Capsule (Fruit opens by various means, usually along more than two seams/splits/pores) Lily, Cotton, Poppy

FLESHY FRUITS

FLESHY FRUITS Drupe –Fruit - fleshy all the way out to the covering. 1 or 2 seeded. Seed covered by a very hard cover (inner pericarp layer). Sometimes called stone fruits. Plum, Peach, Almond, Cherry Berry – Fruit- fleshy all the way out to the covering, which is usually thin.1 to many seeds. Seeds are NOT covered by a hard coat of pericarp. Grape, Tomato etc. False Berry - Looks like a berry, but often has a harder outer coat. Seeds are clustered in the middle rather than throughout the fruit. Cucumber, Squash, pumpkin, cantaloupe Hesperidium - Special berry Outer soft rind which is white on the inside.Citrus Fruits: orange, lemon, grapefruits Pome - Fruit is fleshy out to the covering. A few seeds are inside a core which is not eaten because it has a leathery interior coating. Apple, Pear etc.

Seed a matured ovule that contains an embryo and often its nutritive tissues (endosperm, perisperm). Seed is surrounded by a seed coat. Various size and shape. May be associated with a wing or tuft of hairs. After fertilization,involves several different stages.  The integument of the ovule becomes the seed coat of the mature seed. Normally the nucellus is absorbed and is absent.  The nucellus may persists in some genera such as Nutmeg, Clove, Rubber, Papaya, Pepper, Beet root, etc. as a thin layer called Perisperm, lying inside the seed coat and supplies food material to the embryo.

Monocot and Dicot seed

Seed Structure Parts are: Seed coat Forms a tough protective layer Embryo shoot Embryo – grows into plant SQA-List the functions of 3 main parts of the seed of a dicotyledon ie. seed coat, embryo, food store Food store Provides the embryo plant with food. Embryo root (Endosperm)

Getting the seeds dispersed

Getting the seeds dispersed What are the adaptations that help these Dispersal by wind small light dry wing-like shorea

Reproduction in plants — Getting the seeds dispersed Dispersal by animals (carried) small hooks stiff hairs Dispersal by animals (eaten) bright colours sweet juicy tomato

Getting the seeds dispersed Dispersal by water buoyant waterproof air spaces Dispersal by splitting open dry and hard fruit wall coconut

SEED DORMANCY Viable seeds that do not germinate are said to be dormant (Sleeping Seed or Plant in Rest) External dormancy or seed coat regulated by the environment. If a seed is not exposed to sufficient moisture, proper temperature, oxygen, and for some species light, the seed will not germinate. (e, the seed's dormancy is due to unfavorable environmental conditions. Internal dormancy On the other hand, some seeds may not germinate because of some inhibitory factor of the seed itself.

External Dormancy Hard Seed coat (external dormancy) is impervious to water and gases in some species. The seed will not germinate until the seed coat is altered physically. In nature, this often occurs by fall seeding. Freezing temperatures or microbial activities modify the seed coat during the winter. Scarification can also occur as seeds pass through the digestive tract of various animals. Any process of breaking, scratching, or mechanically altering the seed coat to make it permeable to water and gases is known as scarification. Scarification also can be forced, rather than waiting for nature to alter the seed coats. Commercial growers scarify seeds by soaking them in concentrated sulphuric acid.

Internal Dormancy Seeds having this type of dormancy will not germinate until subjected to a particular duration of moist-prechilling and/or moist-warm periods. This type of dormancy may be satisfied naturally if seeds are sown outdoors. Cold stratification (moist-prechilling) involves mixing seeds with an equal volume of a moist medium (sand or peat, for example) in a closed container and storing them in a refrigerator (approximately 40oF). The length of time is species specific. Warm stratification is similar except temperatures are maintained at 68oF to 86oF, depending on the species.

Double Dormancy Seeds of some species exhibit what is known as double dormancy. This is a combination of seed coat (external dormancy) and internal dormancy. To achieve germination with seeds having double dormancy, the seeds must first be scarified and then stratified for the appropriate length of time. If the treatments are administered in reverse order, the seeds will not germinate. After these treatments, sow the seeds under the proper environmental conditions for germination.

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