Aircraft parts 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová Ladies and gentleman, Mrs. Staňková! The topic of my presentation is the Aircraft parts. The purpose of the presentation is for some of you to introduce this topic and for the others update you on all useful information mayby needed in practise.

Aircraft parts Outline What is it an aircraft? Basic sorting Types of aircraft classification Basic parts Helicopters I am going to focus on: definition of an aircraft, its clasiffication, basic parts, specific parts and their use. And very little on helicopters. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Definition of aircraft = machine, which is able to fly in the air using lift and/or thrust of engine; Lighter than air – aerostats balloon, airship=dirigible, sky lanterns; Heavier than air – aerodynes (fixed vs. movable ) - nonpowered(kites, paragliders, hang-gliders, gliders,) - powered (racket, hang-glider, airplanes, helicopters, autogyro) Symplified definition says, the an aircraft is Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, but the basic one is sorting by method of lift. Aerostats = are gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding air. Moving around by wind (balloon) or powered by propeller (dirigible). Do you know the huge most popular dirrigible during second world war (Zepellin)? In case of aerodynes the air is pushed downward to it and the reaction perform a movement upwards.  Uppthrust is provided by aerodynamic lift, and powered lift in the form of engine thrust. Aerodynes are powered and non-powered. Examples you can see in the slide. We will mainly focus on airplanes and little bit on helicopters. Nosné plochy? 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Classification of aircraft Fighter Bomber Ground attack Transport Tanker Trainer Helicopter Medical Agriculture Speed limits: Supersonic Transonic Subsonic Crew: Single-seat Two-seat Using this slide I´d like to introduce you several types of classification. There are many types of sorting the aircraft. Complete classification should involve all aircrat operation, their shape including their main distinguishing parts like wings, engine, their speed limits, equipment etc. In this slide I decided to classify aircrat only by criteria od function, speed, personnel. FIGHTER – used to fight other aircraft in the air BOMBER – for the purpose of droping bombs GROUND ATTACK – attacks targets on the ground TRANSPORT – used to carry large quantities of supplies or people TRAINER – to learn student pilots to fly and to make competition TANKER – used to refuel other aircraft in the air HELICOPTER – a vertical take-off aircraft Medical Do yu know any other? Other aircraft structure says, that we have supersonic, transonic and subsonic airplanes. Do you know the diference between them? What is it Mach number? Ratio of IAS to sound speed. If this quotien is less…. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Basic parts 5 main sections: Wings Fuselage Power unit Undercarriage Control surfaces It is possible ti devide an aircraft into 5 main sections. Each of these sections is going to be discused during next slides in detail. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Wings 1/2 1. Winglet 2. Low Speed Aileron 3. High Speed Aileron 4. Flap track fairing 5. Krüger flaps 6. Slats 7. Three slotted inner flaps 8. Three slotted outer flaps 9. Spoilers 10. Spoilers-Air brakes The most imporatnt part of the aircraft are wings because their produce much lif than the other parts. They are on the both sides of fuselage, can be fix or movable. They have many special parts like flaps, ailerons, winglets, all terms you can see. I´m really not familiar with all of theme. Letś go to basic description of the wing what I know and gogled. Leading edge is front edge of the wing, rear edge oi trailing edge. The leading edges of the wings, tail unit, engine air inatkes and pitot head are critical parts of the aircraft Flaps are mounted at the trailing edge and are movable (can be extended, deflected and retracted), they used to be extended for approach, landing and take-off to increase the lift of the wings at low speed. Winglets you can find on wing tips, they more increase the lift generated on wing tips. This increases fuel efficiency in powered aircraft and increases cross-country speed in glidersThe opposite part of the wing tip is wing root – place where wing is jointed to fuselage Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings  which, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack. A higher coefficient of lift is produced as a result of angle of attack and speed, so by deploying slats an aircraft can fly at slower speeds, or take off and land in shorter distances. They are usually used while landing or performing maneuvers which take the aircraft close to the stall, but are usually retracted in normal flight to minimize drag. E.G. In case of Boeing 747 Slotted Inner flaps increase wing area by 21 percent and lift by 90 percent when fully deployed compared to their non-deployed configuration Spoilers – device to reduce lift. Ailerons will be discused later as a part of control surfaces. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Wings 2/2 Main distinguishing features: Wing number Wing position Wing shape In case of wing we can talk again about aircraft classification, because wings belong to main c… On the next tree slides a have to have idea about it 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Wing number Monoplane Biplane Triplane 22.4.2017 Mayby we can guess , what kind of aircraft it is. Mustang Bucker 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Wing position Low wing Mid wing High wing 22.4.2017 Hornet F 18 IL 76 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Wing shape Rectangular Tapered Double tapered Swept Delta 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Fuselage 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová On next slide I am going to describe other main part of an airplane – fuselage. Fuselage is main body of the aiplane to which the other sections are attached. We can dived it in to sections, that represent places inside which crew, passengers, , food, cargo, aircraft equipment, sometimes engine can be situated. the passengers cabins, the galley, the baggage and cargo compartment, toilets, wardrobe In The forward section of the aircraft there is allocated flight compartment, containing flight instruments, navigation instruments and controls. Also called cockpit. The very front part of an airplane is called nose, there can be hidden radar, which cover we call a radom, or wheel of an undercarriage. Crew sitting in flight department have to watch situation outside, so it has a special window called windshlield / canopy. Opposite the very rear part, we can say tail unit or empannage. It consist of a fin (vertical stabilizer) and a horizontal stabilizer. To the stabilizers there are hinged other movable parts, which will be dicussed in slide of control surfaces. On some aircraft there is a tail wheel. I´m going to show it in the next slides. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Power unit 1/4 = provides thrust needed to propel the aircraft in the air and on the ground Piston (propeller) engine Turboprop (propeller turbine) engine Jet (turbine) engine Turbofan engine There are four main kinds of aircraft engine. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Power unit 2/4 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová In a propeller turbine engines most of the power from expanding combustion gases going through a turbine is fed to a propeller. Less goes out as thrustAircraft is pushed forward together by the jet of air as well as pulled forward by the propeller In case of jet engines, thrust is produced as a reaction in opposite direction to jet efflux. Greatest advantage is speed, at which aircraft can fly. Do you know, why it is important to let the air go through compressor? Which engines are able to produce additional thrust? By-pass jet engines part throuhgh, part passes by the combustion than they mixe to propulsion nozzle Do you know, what is it reverse thrust? On landing 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Power unit 3/4 On the wings On the wing pylons Close to the fuselage Rear mounted When I was talking about wing, I mentioned main distinguished features for clasiffication of aircraft, it is a position o Power unit and nember of engines. L410 Gripen Beoing 727 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Power unit 4/4 Single engine Twin engine Triple engine Multiple engine 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Undercarriage =landing gear (fixed vs. retractable) Consists of: Main landing gear Nose wheel and/or tail wheel Used for: manoeuvring during taxi, take-off and landing In case that your aircraft has its undercarriage retracted during a flight before landing. What is possible to do in a emergency situation? Belly landing 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Control surfaces 1/2 = components for stearing aircraft Ailerons Elevators Rudder Controls: Control stick (yoke), rudder pedals You can manipulate with them using Ailerons and elevators are connected to the pilot´s control stick (yoke). Rudder is connected to the pilot by rudder pedals 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Control surfaces 2/2 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová Ailerons are hinged on te rear part of the wing close to wing tips. They ensure movement around aircraft longitudinal axis – rolling or banking, port and starboard ailerons move in opposite directions. Elevator is also hinged to the rear part of horizontal stabilizer and is movable to swing up and down. Both elevators go simultaneusly. Using this, you make a movement called pitching. around lateral axis by its pulling and pushing. rudder is also movable part of vertical stabilizer, moving it you cause that aurcraf will turn (nose goes right or left) yawing around its vertical axis 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Helicopters Functions: Stearing helicopter Attack helicopters Reconnaissance and surveilance CAS Search and rescue Operating under low conditions Construction Firefighting Medical transport Law enforcement News and media Cyclic Collective Anti-torque pedals Throttle A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas. Their use differ little bit, instead of equal function, we can talk about …. A helicopter has four flight control inputs. These are the cyclic, the collective, the anti-torque pedals, and the throttle. The cyclic control is usually located between the pilot's legs and is commonly called the cyclic stick or just cyclic. On most helicopters, the cyclic is similar to a joystick. The control is called the cyclic because it changes the pitch of the rotor blades cyclically. The result is to tilt the rotor disk in a particular direction, resulting in the helicopter moving in that direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward, and the rotor produces a thrust in the forward direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic to the side, the rotor disk tilts to that side and produces thrust in that direction, causing the helicopter to hover sideways. The collective pitch control or collective is located on the left side of the pilot's seat with a settable friction control to prevent inadvertent movement. The collective changes the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades collectively (i.e. all at the same time) and independently of their position. Therefore, if a collective input is made, all the blades change equally, and the result is the helicopter increasing or decreasing in altitude. The anti-torque pedals are located in the same position as the rudder pedals in a fixed-wing aircraft, and serve a similar purpose, namely to control the direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointed. Application of the pedal in a given direction changes the pitch of the tail rotor blades, increasing or reducing the thrust produced by the tail rotor and causing the nose to yaw in the direction of the applied pedal. The pedals mechanically change the pitch of the tail rotor altering the amount of thrust produced. The throttle controls the power produced by the engine, which is connected to the rotor by a fixed ratio transmission. The purpose of the throttle is to maintain enough engine power to keep the rotor RPM within allowable limits so that the rotor produces enough lift for flight.  22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Helicopter rotors Main rotor + tail rotor Main rotor + anti torque controls Tandem rotors Coaxial rotor Common helicopter has instead of wings to rotors, one main rotor and tail rotor. The rotor system, or more simply rotor, is the rotating part of a helicopter that generates lift. A rotor system may be mounted horizontally, as main rotors are, providing lift vertically, or it may be mounted vertically, such as a tail rotor, to provide horizontal thrust to counteract torque from the main rotors. Some helicopters use other anti-torque controls instead of the tail rotor, such as the ducted fan Even there are special kinds of helicopters having main horizontal rotors turning in opposite directions is another configuration used to counteract the effects of torque on the aircraft without relying on an anti-torque tail rotor. This allows the power normally required to drive the tail rotor to be applied to the main rotors, increasing the aircraft's lifting capacity. There are several common configurations that use the counter-rotating effect to benefit the rotorcraft: Tandem rotors are two counter-rotating rotors with one mounted behind the other. Coaxial rotors are two counter-rotating rotors mounted one above the other with the same axis. Intermeshing rotors are two counter-rotating rotors mounted close to each other at a sufficient angle to let the rotors intermesh over the top of the aircraft without colliding. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Sources [1] JANOUŠ, Ivan a Theodore MIKRUT. English for IFR pilots: Učebnice anglického jazyka pro kvalifikaci IFR. Premisa, 1995. [2] Air Operational English Course: Module 1 Aircraft and airfield terminology. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page [4] https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana My presentation slowly ends, I hope you like it, thank you for attention and if there are any questions, I will try to answer them. 22.4.2017 1st Lt. Jitka Müllerová

Thank you for your attention! Questions? My presentation is completed thank you for cooperation. I hope information was useful and the main goal of the topic was intensive fulfilled.