Explicit Knowledge

Knowledge management Dimensions 1 At the opposite end of the spectrum, explicit knowledge represents knowledge that the individual holds consciously in mental focus, in a form that can easily be communicated to others

Knowledge management Dimensions 1 In this model, knowledge follows a cycle in which implicit knowledge is 'extracted' to become explicit knowledge, and explicit knowledge is 're-internalized' into implicit knowledge

Knowledge management Strategies 1 Codification can therefore refer to both tacit and explicit knowledge In contrast, the personalization strategy aims at encouraging individuals to share their knowledge directly

Knowledge management Strategies 1 Measuring and reporting intellectual capital (a way of making explicit knowledge for companies)

Knowledge management Technologies 1 However such tools for the most part are still based on text and code, and thus represent explicit knowledge transfer

Diffusion of innovations - Diffusion of New Technology 1 Peres, Muller and Mahajan (2010) suggest that Innovation diffusion of a new technology is "the process of the market penetration of new products and services that is driven by social influences, which include all interdependencies among consumers that affect various market players with or without their explicit knowledge".

Modeling language - Participant appropriateness 1 The language should to a large extent express all the explicit knowledge of the stakeholders relevant to the domain.

Modeling language - Modeller appropriateness 1 Last paragraph stated that knowledge of the stakeholders should be presented in a good way. In addition it is imperative that the language should be able to express all possible explicit knowledge of the stakeholders. No knowledge should be left unexpressed due to lacks in the language.

IDEF - IDEF9 1 Just as living organisms do not need to be aware of the genetic or autonomous constraints that govern certain behaviors, organizations can (and most do) perform well without explicit knowledge of the glue that structures the system

Ikujiro Nonaka - The SECI Model 1 Professor Ikujiro Nonaka has proposed the SECI model, one of the most widely cited theories in knowledge management (Gourlay 2003), to present the spiraling knowledge processes of interaction between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge.

Expert system - Advantages 1 The benefits of this explicit knowledge representation were rapid development and ease of maintenance.

Activity theory - Learning and tacit knowledge 1 Internalisation has subsequently become a key term of the theory of tacit knowledge and has been defined as a process of embodying explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge

Organizational learning - Models 1 The reverse process (from explicit to tacit) they call internalization because it involves employees internalizing an organization's formal rules, procedures, and other forms of explicit knowledge

Corporate Semantic Web - Pragmatic Point of View 1 For example, it researches approaches for involving non-expert users in developing ontologies collaboratively and for extracting explicit knowledge from the interaction of users within enterprises.

Design management - Value for business 1 * Learning and growing: Beyond advanced design management. Design explicit knowledge is applied to strategic focus and improves the quality of staff.

Tacit knowledge 1 For example, stating to someone that London is in the United Kingdom is a piece of explicit knowledge that can be written down, transmitted, and understood by a recipient

Tacit knowledge - Definition 1 Tacit knowledge vs. Explicit knowledge:Lam, A. (2000). Tacit Knowledge, Organizational Learning and Societal Institutions: An Integrated Framework. Organization Studies 21(3), 487–51.

Tacit knowledge - Differences with explicit knowledge 1 Tacit knowledge can be distinguished from explicit knowledge Polanyi, M, (1958) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post- Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. ISBN in three major areas:

Tacit knowledge - Differences with explicit knowledge 1 * 'Codifiability and mechanism of transferring knowledge:' while explicit knowledge can be codified, and easily transferred without the knowing subject, tacit knowledge is intuitive and unarticulated knowledge that cannot be communicated, understood or used without the ‘knowing subject’. Unlike the transfer of explicit knowledge, the transfer of tacit knowledge requires close interaction and the buildup of shared understanding and trust among them.

Tacit knowledge - Differences with explicit knowledge 1 * 'Main methods for the acquisition and accumulation: 'Explicit knowledge can be generated through logical deduction and acquired through practical experience in the relevant context. In contrast, tacit knowledge can only be acquired through practical experience in the relevant context.

Tacit knowledge - Differences with explicit knowledge 1 * 'Potential of aggregation and modes of appropriation: 'Explicit knowledge can be aggregated at a single location, stored in objective forms and appropriated without the participation of the knowing subject. Tacit knowledge in contrast, is personal contextual. It is distributive, and cannot easily be aggregated. The realization of its full potential requires the close involvement and cooperation of the knowing subject.

Tacit knowledge - Transmission models for tacit knowledge 1 In that model tacit knowledge is presented variously as uncodifiable (tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified) and codifiable (transforming tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge is known as codification)

Tacit knowledge - Examples 1 The “twisting stretch” motion was finally materialized in a prototype after a year of iterative experimentation by the engineers and team members working closely together, combining their explicit knowledge

Tacit knowledge - Knowledge management 1 Knowledge management can be considered the dynamic process of creating new knowledge, identifying sources of this new knowledge and the elicitation and distribution of this knowledge. The identification of tacit knowledge sources and the creation of knowledge through tacit to tacit knowledge sharing and tacit to explicit knowledge sharing are fundamental to this process.

Tacit knowledge - Knowledge management 1 All of these approaches should be recorded in order to transfer the tacit knowledge into reusable explicit knowledge.

Tacit knowledge - Knowledge management 1 Professor Ikujiro Nonaka has proposed the The SECI Model|SECI (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) model, one of the most widely cited theories in knowledge management, to present the spiraling knowledge processes of interaction between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge.

Explicit knowledge 1 'Explicit knowledge' is knowledge that has been articulated, codified, and data storage device|stored in certain storage media|media. It can be readily transmitted to others. The information contained in encyclopedias and textbooks are good examples of explicit knowledge.

Explicit knowledge - Forms 1 The most common forms of explicit knowledge are manual (disambiguation)|manuals, documents, procedures, and how-to videos. Knowledge also can be audio-visual. Works of art and product design can be seen as other forms of explicit knowledge where human skills, motives and knowledge are externalized.

Innovation management - Manage Complex Innovation 1 Big innovations are generally the outcome of intra- and interdisciplinary networking among technological sectors along with combination of implicit and explicit knowledge

Satanic ritual abuse - Court cases 1 One group of researchers concluded that children usually lack the sufficient amount of explicit knowledge of satanic ritual abuse to fabricate all of the details of an SRA claim on their own

Two-phase locking 1 Typically, without explicit knowledge in a transaction on end of phase-1, it is safely determined only when a transaction has entered its ready state in all its processes (processing has ended, and it is ready to be committed; no additional data access and locking are needed and can happen)

Organizational Memory System - The difference between explicit and tacit knowledge 1 In its modern understanding, knowledge is made up of 'explicit knowledge', sometimes called 'skilled knowledge'; and 'tacit' or 'cognitive knowledge' (sometimes known as coping skills), a category first identified by Michael Polanyi in 1958.“The Tacit Dimension”. Anchor Books,

Organizational Memory System - The difference between explicit and tacit knowledge 1 Typically existing only in the minds of individuals, tacit knowledge is normally very difficult to capture, with most organizations depending almost entirely on the explicit knowledge

Corporate use of Second Life - What can be done with virtual worlds that cannot be done otherwise 1 Combination of classroom instruction and e-learning, provides a good way for acquiring explicit knowledge

Design for X 1 Thus, it is not granted that a freshman or someone who is outside of the subject area will comprehend this generated explicit knowledge

Community of practice - Individuals in communities of practice 1 clarifies the difference between tacit knowledge, or knowing how, and explicit knowledge, or knowing what

Harry Collins - Selected works 1 * Tacit and Explicit Knowledge, University of Chicago Press, ISBN

Knowledge sharing - Explicit Knowledge Sharing 1 Explicit knowledge sharing occurs when explicit knowledge is made available to be shared between entities. Explicit knowledge sharing can happen successfully when the following criteria are met:

Implicit learning - Methodological issues 1 The measurement must be conducted at the appropriate time otherwise what is assumed to be a measurement of implicit learning may actually be a measurement of explicit learning. Though the study may focus on implicit learning, if measurement is taken too long after the core of the experiment occurs one could argue that learning was explicit but explicit knowledge was momentarily lost. No rules have been laid out guiding selection of an appropriate time for testing.

Implicit memory - Illusion-of-truth effect 1 As the illusion-of-truth effect occurs even without explicit knowledge, it is a direct result of implicit memory

Standard Young tableau - Skew tableaux 1 Although many properties of skew tableaux only depend on the filled squares, some operations defined on them do require explicit knowledge of and, so it is important that skew tableaux do record this information: two distinct skew tableaux may differ only in their shape, while they occupy the same set of squares, each filled with the same entries.A somewhat similar situation arises for matrices: the 3-by-0 matrix must be distinguished from the 0-by-3 matrix, since is a 3-by-3 (zero) matrix while is the 0-by-0 matrix, but both and have the same (empty) set of entries; for skew tableaux however such distinction is necessary even in cases where the set of entries is not empty

Text and conversation theory - Weakness 1 According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), organizational learning is the study of how collectives adapt to, or fail to adapt to, their environments. It utilizes tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge.

Text and conversation theory - Weakness 1 *Explicit Knowledge: codified, systematic, formal, explicit, and articulated

Know-how 1 'Know-how' is a term for practical knowledge on how to accomplish something, as opposed to “know-what” (facts), “know-why” (science), or “know- who” (communication). Know-how is often tacit knowledge, which means that it is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalising it. The opposite of tacit knowledge is explicit knowledge.

Economic calculation problem - Comparing heterogeneous goods 1 The price system is therefore said to promote economically efficient use of resources by agents who may not have explicit knowledge of all of the conditions of production or supply

Knowledge capture - Dimensions 1 At the opposite end of the spectrum, explicit knowledge represents knowledge that the individual holds consciously in mental focus, in a form that can easily be communicated to others

Knowledge capture - Dimensions 1 In this model, knowledge follows a cycle in which implicit knowledge is 'extracted' to become explicit knowledge, and explicit knowledge is 're-internalized' into implicit knowledge

Knowledge capture - Strategies 1 7 Codification can therefore refer to both tacit and explicit knowledge.Hall (2006), pp

Knowledge capture - Strategies 1 * Measuring and reporting intellectual capital (a way of making explicit knowledge for companies)

Knowledge capture - Technologies 1 However such tools for the most part are still based on text and code, and thus represent explicit knowledge transfer

Corporate amnesia - Knowledge management 1 The physical evidence is known as explicit knowledge while the more cerebral is called tacit knowledge

Sleep and learning - Increased learning 1 A study has also found that after sleep there is an increased insight, that is, a sudden gain of explicit knowledge. Thus during sleep the representation of new memories are restructured.

Interplanetary Phenomena Unit 1 Conspiracy believers commonly argue that Earth governments, especially the Government of the United States, are in communication and/or cooperation with Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|extraterrestrials despite public claims to the contrary, and further that some of these theories claim that the governments are explicit knowledge|explicitly allowing alien abduction

Structuration - Methodology of structuration theory 1 He examined spatial organization, Unintended consequences|intended and unintended consequences, skilled and knowledgeable agents, explicit knowledge|discursive and tacit knowledge, dialectic of control, actions with motivational content, and constraints

Rate of adoption - Technology 1 Peres, Muller and Mahajan suggested that diffusion is the process of the market penetration of new products and services that is driven by social influences, which include all interdependencies among consumers that affect various market players with or without their explicit knowledge.

Crime scene - Reconstruction 1 Crime reconstruction|Crime scene reconstruction is the use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive reasoning, and their interrelationships to gain explicit knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime.

Explication - Summary 1 But an explication may also be contained and expressed in shorter formats, such as in paragraphs and sentences, which are deliberately drafted to emphasise the nature and impact of new explicit knowledge which draws on, and are improvements upon, previous knowledge.

Explication - Explication as a process versus explication as an outcome 1 When working with explication, it is essential to be clear, and to make clear whether you are dealing with the explication process (and hence working with the verb or gerund), or dealing with the outcomes of the process, such as a work which documents, describes and explains the new explicit knowledge.

Explication - Explication as an interpretative process 1 Based on the etymology of the word explication, studies using explication, and extended argumentation we can deduce that explication in the arts, humanities and social sciences is largely an interpretative process where the outcomes - the new explicit knowledge - is open to subsequent dispute, with the possibility of additional and/or different meanings being derived in the future.

Explication - Explication as an interpretative process 1 On this argument, new explicit knowledge is therefore contingent and context specific. New explicit knowledge is also informed by the explicant's competence in dealing with the explication process, plus an ethical concern that the outcomes (i.e. the new explicit knowledge) can be considered to be an improvement and true (i.e. not yet disaffirmed). (cf. Harrison, 2006).

The SECI Model 1 # 'Tacit to Explicit (Externalization)' - Between tacit and explicit knowledge by Externalization (publishing, articulating knowledge), developing factors, which embed the combined tacit knowledge which enable its communication

The SECI Model 1 The new explicit knowledge is then disseminated among the members of the organization

The SECI Model 1 # 'Explicit to Tacit (Internalization)' - Explicit to tacit by Internalization (knowledge receiving and application by an individual), enclosed by learning by doing; on the other hand, explicit knowledge becomes part of an individual's knowledge and will be assets for an organization. Internalization is also a process of continuous individual and collective reflection and the ability to see connections and recognize patterns and the capacity to make sense between fields, ideas, and concepts.

Tacit - Differences with explicit knowledge 1 Tacit knowledge can be distinguished from explicit knowledgePolanyi, M, (1958) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post- Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. ISBN in three major areas:

Tacit - Examples 1 The “twisting stretch” motion was finally materialized in a prototype, after a year of iterative experimentation by the engineers and team members working closely together, combining their explicit knowledge

Tacit - Knowledge management 1 Knowledge management is the dynamic process of creating new knowledge, identifying sources of this new knowledge and the elicitation and distribution of this knowledge. The identification of tacit knowledge sources and the creation of knowledge through tacit to tacit knowledge sharing and tacit to explicit knowledge sharing are fundamental to this process.

Tacit - Knowledge management 1 All of these approaches should be recorded, in order to transfer the tacit knowledge into reusable explicit knowledge.

Oriental - Australian English 1 In Australian English, the term Asian generally refers to people of East Asian or Southeast Asian descent, such as those of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, or Filipino descent. Persons of Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, and most other South Asian descent are referred to by their respective demonym, but without explicit knowledge, those people are indeterminately inferred as Indian.

Enterprise integration - Identification and use of information 1 Explicit knowledge on information needs during the operation of the enterprise can be provided by a model of the operational processes

Comparison of OpenGL and Direct3D - Marshalling 1 Because the Direct3D runtime, the user- mode portion that implements the API, cannot have explicit knowledge of the driver's inner workings, it cannot effectively support marshalling

Design thinking - History 1 Ikujiro Nonaka writes The Knowledge- Creating CompanyNonaka, Ikujirō, and Hirotaka Takeuchi. The Knowledge- creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York: Oxford UP, on how to transfer knowledge from expert to novice within a business based on the work of Michael Polanyi's tacit knowledge|tacit versus explicit knowledge.

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