1 The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22

Advertisements

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter.

PSYCHOLOGY: LEARNING Learning- the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Lecture Overview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Learning The Biology of Learning Using Conditioning & Learning Principles.

Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 by Pearson Education. Reproduced by permission of the publisher. Further reproduction is prohibited without written permission.

Learning. Adaptation to the Environment Learning—any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time.

Chapter 6: Learning Music: “Live and Learn” by the Cardigans “Learn to Fly” by the Foo Fighters.

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Chapter 6: Learning Music: “Superstitious” Steve Wonder “Live and Learn” Cardigans.

Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned.

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Learning Learning defined on page –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning.

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.

Chapter 6: Learning 1Ch. 6. – Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning : Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning :

Learning Theories Learning To gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or experience.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LearningLearning Chapter 5.

HOW DO WE LEARN? Conditioning –process of learning associations  Classical conditioning- we learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events. In classical.

Learning What is learning? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applications of learning Cognitive Learning.

Review Unit 7. Observational Learning Learning by watching others.

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.

Learning Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Studied Digestion of Dogs. Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)

Learning. This is happening when you respond to a second stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus without additional training Generalization.

Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test.

Learning. A. Introduction to learning 1. Why do psychologists care about learning? 2. What is and isn’t learning? IS: A relatively permanent change in.

Chapter 6 Learning.

Chapter 7 Learning Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College.

LEARNING Semi-permanent change in behavior due to experiencehttp://psychology.about.com/library/quiz/bl_learning_quiz.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/library/quiz/bl_learning_quiz.htm.

Table of Contents CHAPTER 6 Learning. Table of ContentsLEARNING  Learning  Classical conditioning  Operant/Instrumental conditioning  Observational.

4 th Edition Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall5-1 Learning Chapter 5.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc Chapter 5 Learning.

LEARNING  a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of an experience.  essential process enabling animals and humans to adapt to their.

Learning Review Chapter 6. O Identify the father of classical conditioning and the father of operant conditioning. 1. Ivan Pavlov 2. BF Skinner.

Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”

Learning Chapter 4. What Is Learning? Learning – any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. –When people learn.

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.

The Learning Perspective: Unit VI. The Learning Perspective Our environment and past learning experiences shape our behavior 2 views on learning –BEHAVIORISIM.

9/30/04Learning Learning/Behaviorism It’s all about conditioning Two Types: –Classical Conditioning –Operant Conditioning.

Chapter 6: Learning.

Unit 6: Learning. How Do We Learn? Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. 3 Types:  Classical  Operant.

Learning Definition: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors Associative learning is the key Conditioning – the process of.

Learning 7-9% of the AP Psychology exam. Thursday, December 3 Sit with your group from yesterday’s test review!

Table of Contents Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Learning –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning Ivan.

Chapter 6: Learning Music: “Another Brick in the Wall” Pink Floyd “Learn to Fly” Foo Fighters.

Psychology in Action (8e) PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 6: Learning 1.

Learning Chapter 4. What Is Learning? Learning – any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. –When people learn.

Unit 6: Learning. How Do We Learn? Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Principles of Learning

Chapter 6 Notes AP Tips. Know about classical conditioning and Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning: the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus.

Chapter 6 Learning. Objectives 6.1 How We Learn Distinguish among three major types of learning theories focusing on behavior. 6.2 Classical Conditioning.

LEARNING * A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.

Chapter 5 Learning. What is Learning?  A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience  Learning is adaptive  Three major types.

The Basics of Learning Learning defined: A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Associative learning Habits Habituation Conditioning.

Chapter 6 LEARNING. Learning Learning – A process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes. Behavioral Learning.

Conditioning and Learning Unit 6 Conditioning and Learning Modules

Interactive Topic Test

AP Psychology Unit: Learning.

PSYCHOLOGY: LEARNING Learning- the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Unit: Learning.

Chapter 6: Learning Ch. 6.

Chapter 6 Learning.

ESSENTIALS OF UNDERSTANDING

Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

Chapter 6: Learning.

LEARNING * A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.

Learning A.P. Psychology.

Presentation transcript:

1 The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior

2 Definition Learning – a change in behavior due to experience with the environment

3 Ivan Pavlov Studied digestive reflexes and salivation in dogs

4 Classical Conditioning Learning through automatic associations Reflex/Involuntary behaviors, emotions

Classical Conditioning Food Salivation Unconditioned (unlearned) association Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) Salivation (Unconditioned Response)

Classical Conditioning SalivationFood Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Bell (Neutral Stimulus) If you pair a NS with UCS a number of times…

Classical Conditioning Salivation (Conditioned Response) Bell (Conditioned Stimulus) It will begin to elicit a conditioned response

Terminology Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Once paired with UCS, NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicits conditioned response (CR) on its own

9

10

11 Factors that increase acquisition forward pairing strong UCS UCS and NS closer in time higher frequency of pairings higher frequency of pairings distinctive CS

12 Other principles of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Discriminaton Stimulus Generalization Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Higher-order conditioning

13 John B. Watson and Little Albert

14 Classical Conditioning in the Real World Advertising

15

16

17

18 Classical Conditioning in the Real World AdvertisingPTSDAversionsPhobias

19

20 Applications of Classical Conditioning to change behavior Counterconditioning Aversion Training

21 Early Operant Conditioning E.L. Thorndike (1898) the “Puzzle Box” Thorndike’s Law of Effect

22 B. F. Skinner the Skinner Box the Skinner Box

23 Reinforcement Increases the likelihood of a behavior Primary and Secondary reinforcers Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

24 Principles of Operant Conditioning ShapingGeneralizationDiscriminationExtinction Multiple reinforcement

25 Increasing Behavior Tips Timing Quality of reward Partial schedules of reinforcement

26 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICALOPERANT Stimulus precedes response Stimulus follows response Learning through associations Learning through consequences Involuntary behavior Voluntary behavior

27 Punishment Decreases the likelihood of a behavior not the same as negative reinforcement! Punishment by application (a.k.a. positive punishment, aversive punishment) (a.k.a. positive punishment, aversive punishment) Punishment by removal (a.k.a. negative punishment, response cost) (a.k.a. negative punishment, response cost)

28 Problems with Punishment

29 DRO Training Steps

30 Applications of Operant Conditioning to change behavior behavior modification uses shaping, incentives uses shaping, incentives token economy token economy

31 Social-Cognitive Learning Theories Depart from strict behaviorism Take into account: Role of awareness Role of awareness Role of self-evaluation Role of self-evaluation

32 Latent Learning Tolman’s rat study 3 groups 1. food at end of maze daily 1. food at end of maze daily 2. no food in maze 2. no food in maze 3. no food in maze for 9 days, food in maze on 10 th day 3. no food in maze for 9 days, food in maze on 10 th day cognitive maps

33 Insight Learning Insight = the sudden perception of the connection of parts of a problem that allows one to see a clear solution the aha! moments

34 This is a most unusual paragraph. How quickly can you find out what is so unusual about it? It looks so ordinary that you would think that nothing is wrong with it at all, and, in fact, nothing is. But it is unusual. Why? If you study it and think about it, you may find out, but I am not going to assist you in any way. You must do it without any hints or coaching. No doubt, if you work at it for a bit, it will dawn on you. Who knows? Go to work and try your skill. Good luck!

35 26 L. of the A. 9 P. in the S.S. 200 D. for P.G. in M. 5 D. in a Z.C. 11 P. on a F. T. 88 P.K. 4 A. in a D. of C.

36 Observational Learning Learning from others Bandura’s social learning theory: 1. attention 2. retention (memory) 3. reproduction (imitation) 4. motivation

37 Enhancing observational learning Status/Behavior of model Dependence of observer UncertaintyOutcome observational learning can lead to undesirable behaviors as well!

38 Learning Aggression Bandura’s Bobo doll study 3 IV conditions: 1. model rewarded 2. model scolded 3. no consequences

39

40 Do we ‘learn’ violence? Television violence Video games Pornography