The Planting of English America Chapter 2/4 AP U.S. History

England’s Imperial Stirrings 1558 – Elizabeth I Queen – England minor power Competition with Spain – Privateers from Mexico Two objectives in WH: – Find NW Passage (didn’t) – Raid Spain’s fleets/ports (did!) Spain and England – now deadly rivals!

Elizabeth Energizes England Sir Humphrey Gilbert/Sir Walter Raleigh – Roanoke Realities from Roanoke: – If unprepared, even a large-scale, well-financed colonizing effort can fail – Colonists did not bring enough provisions for 1 st winter and didn’t grow own food – Colonizing efforts would need to self-financing – Conflict with Spain Defeat of Spanish Armada – naval dominance over Atlantic

England on the Eve of Empire Overpopulation, unemployment Land practice (primogeniture) Joint-Stock company – financial means

Beginnings of English Colonization 1603 – Elizabeth dies, James I now King April 10, 1606 – James I – charter for land in Virginia 2 joint-stock companies – London and Plymouth

Jamestown VA Co. of London – Guaranteed same rights – James River Crops? 38/105 GOLD!!!! No Leadership? – John Smith – Organization/rules/diplomat Powhatan

1609 – 1610 – “Starving Time” 60 0f 400 survived New immigrants/leadership First Anglo-Powhatan War ( ) Still small population = Scientists find evidence of cannibalism at Jamestown settlement | Fox News

TOBACCO Economic salvation - “Colony built on smoke” John Rolfe VA company poured supplies/settlers “headrights” – Large tracts of land – mostly men House of Burgesses – 1619 – first colonial parliament

By 1622 – 3 serious problems : – Debt – High death rate Malnutrition from? Dysentery from? – Indian relations Bankrupt/charter revoked in 1624 Royal Colony!

Church in VA Established church – Church of England Taxpayers legally obliged to pay fixed rates Few parishes Few clergymen So… ministers served Virginia’s 45 parishes

Maryland Lord Baltimore Proprietary Colony Safe Haven for Catholics No Starving Time – why? Protestant Majority – Govt/chapel Act of Religious Tolerance – Liberty of worship – Did not protect… – Did not separate….

Tobacco Shapes a Way of Life Few Neighbors – 3 miles/20 people Future – Tobacco $$ Rivers Planters also controlled imports – stunted growth of towns/merchant class

More workers, more $$ - sharp demand for labor 1630 – 1700 – 110,000 English to the Chesapeake Indentured Servants – 80% males

Mortality, Gender, and Kinship Few women – Marriage late, women could negotiate favorable marriages Death – 1600’s – 48 (men), 44 (women) - 20 years LESS than New England! – Servants – 40% within 6 years Chesapeake women greater property rights Low population

Tobacco Troubles Importation of servants (b/c??) – gap between rich/poor Servants – horrible life Bleak future – No pay/savings – No chance for land

Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 Governor William Berkeley – Fur trade monopoly – Not protecting frontier farmers Nathaniel Bacon – Indians – March on Jamestown

WHY did this take place???? Social success in VA depended on?? This leads to…

Slavery 1619 – Dutch First phase – : – Not every African sold was a slave for life Anthony and Mary Johnson Second phase – 1660: – Africans/Indians treated as slaves, children inherit status

Third phase – : – Regulated by law MD – lifelong/inheritable – Strict legal codes (1705) Replaced Indentured Servants b/c: – England’s population reduced, wages increased – Royal African Co lost monopoly

The Caribbean and Carolina 1630 – 1642 – 60% of 75,000 English went to the Caribbean After 1660 – large # of these came to Carolina, introducing habits learned SUGAR CANE – 3 times the labor Slaves from Dutch Barbados – slave codes, lifelong bondage

No need for white labor – Carolina 1663 – King Charles II Rice – Import work force 15% had cultivated rice in their homeland Immunity to malaria 1729 – two royal colonies – North and South

Georgia James Oglethorpe Buffer between Carolina/Spanish Florida/French Louisiana Savannah Debtors

Questions What did England and the English settlers really want from colonization? Did they get what they wanted? How did the reliance on plantation agriculture affect the southern colonies? What circumstances led to the introduction of slavery into the colonies? How did economic, geographic and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775