Aircraft Design (261K) and Laboratory (161M) Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Aircraft Design (261K) and Laboratory (161M) “Conceptual Design of UAV Systems” Spring Semester 2003 Instructor Dr. Armand J. Chaput Senior Technical Fellow Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Fort Worth, Texas (817) 763-7427 armand.j.chaput@lmco.com 1-0

Lesson objective - to answer the following questions: Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Objectives Lesson objective - to answer the following questions: What is Conceptual Design? What will you learn about it? What are the expectations? Mine Yours What is the course structure, content and schedule? Who am I and what do I know about air vehicle systems and how to design them? 1-1

Importance of early design decisions Course overview Objective Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Discussion subjects UAV system Overview Design Phases Importance of early design decisions Course overview Objective Differences Expectations Participants Content and schedule Homework Course background Personal background 1-2

Includes target drones but excludes cruise missiles Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation But first what is a UAV? My definition - A reusable unmanned (or uninhabited if you prefer) air vehicle Includes target drones but excludes cruise missiles - Even if the cruise missile has a data link - Even if the technology is similar (which it is) UAV UAV UAV UAV 1-3

And there are many kinds Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation And there are many kinds ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm Fixed wing http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm Free wing Small Rotary wing Micro http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Tail Sitters Tilt wing/rotor 1-4

But a UAV system is much more than a reusable air vehicle or vehicles Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation UAV System Elements But a UAV system is much more than a reusable air vehicle or vehicles Our system definition includes five elements 1. The environment in which the UAVs operate or the System Element (e.g. the airspace, the data links, relay aircraft, etc.) 2. The air vehicle(s) or the Air Vehicle Element 3. The control station(s) or the Mission Control Element 4. The payload(s) or the Payload Element 5. The maintenance and support system or the Support Element Others define the system differently but at the bottom line there is no difference - without all the elements, the system won’t work 1-5

The environment(s) in which the UAV operates Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation System Element Concept of Operations (ConOps) Launch and Recovery Element (LRE) Target Set Airborne Comm Node SATCOM Mission Control Element (MCE) MCE Discover II & Other Overheads Rivet Joint AWACS Joint Stars Recce Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Q P R Sensor Management Global Comms Fusion Data C2 Theater Sensing Control External Systems National Imagery SIGINT Mission Planning MCS UCAV Q/P C Space Relay Air Direct The environment(s) in which the UAV operates Communications Network 1-6

Design of UAV Systems Air Vehicle Element The Airplane(s) Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Air Vehicle Element The Airplane(s) 1-7

Mission Control Element Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Mission Control Element http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm The Control Station(s) 1-8

Design of UAV Systems Payload Element The Payload(s) Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Payload Element http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF The Payload(s) 1-9

Design of UAV Systems Support Element Support and Logistics Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Support Element Support and Logistics Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 1-10

Importance of early design decisions Course overview Objective Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Next subject UAV system Overview Design Phases Importance of early design decisions Course overview Objective Differences Expectations Participants Content and schedule Homework Course background Personal background 1-11

Advanced design phases Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Advanced design phases 1. Pre-concept design (my term) The very early work that establishes the general concept, what it should do and how it will be used Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the government) now done by customers and companies The product is usually a set of initial requirements and expectations for cost and schedule 2. Conceptual design The next phase that starts with overall requirements and objectives and develops a preferred system concept and a plan to develop it The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design with enough technical, cost and risk information to convince your customer to buy your concept 1-12

Design of UAV Systems Later phases 3. Preliminary design Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Later phases 3. Preliminary design The subsequent phase that turns the preferred system concept into a well substantiated design and proposes a detailed plan to build and test it The product is usually documentation and a design review with enough detailed technical and cost substantiation, planning and risk reduction to convince your customer to let you build it 4. Detailed design The final phase that completely defines the design for production and test The product is usually a set of detailed specifications, drawings, manufacturing instructions and test plans 1-13

Importance of early decisions Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Importance of early decisions Cumulative Percent Of Life Cycle Cost Milestones I II III IOC Out of Service 100 95 85 70 50 10 Detailed Design Preliminary Design Concept Design Pre-concept Design Source – Defense Systems Management College, 3 Dec. 1991 1-14

A-12 - All composite structure F-16 XL - Engine selection Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Importance cont’d Many aerospace program problems trace back to early design decisions (examples from my experience) A-12 - All composite structure F-16 XL - Engine selection NASP - Binary program goal (SSTO or nothing) http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/a-12.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/mystery/nasp.htm 1-15

Advanced Design Phases Importance of early design decisions Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Next subject UAV system Overview Advanced Design Phases Importance of early design decisions Course overview Objective Differences Expectations Participants Content and schedule Homework Course background Personal background 1-16

Overall course objective Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Overall course objective Our focus will be on the first two phases of design These are the most critical design decision phases Preliminary and detailed design are company and design & analysis tool specific - Other specialized Aero/ME/EE courses apply We will cover both pre-concept and conceptual design from a team design perspective Team design is more complicated than individual design Excellent planning and management is required We will learn how and when to adapt methods and data from manned systems Some are applicable, others are not 1-17

Concepts of operations Basing and mission coverage Effectiveness Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Course differences Traditional aircraft design courses focus on aero-engine-structures design and integration. We have to cover much more: Concepts of operations Basing and mission coverage Effectiveness Communications Operating environments Therefore, we cannot go into as much depth in the traditional aircraft design and integration areas We do have time to even discuss some traditional aircraft design subjects Control stations Sensor payloads Weapon payloads Support concepts Cost We will focus almost exclusively on full size, fixed wing, subsonic UAVs 1-18

Overall course structure Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Overall course structure Meets every Friday (2-5 p.m.) in Pharmacy 2.114 - Lectures Will address design of all the elements Example problems Will show how to apply the lecture material Spreadsheet model demonstrations Will be used extensively for pre-concept design Some models are applicable to conceptual design (with calibration based on conceptual design methods) Remaining laboratory hours are available to work on projects I will be flying back to Fort Worth (weather permitting) Expect to spend additional hours outside of class - Doing design and analysis (individually and in teams) 1-19

Design of UAV Systems Overall schedule Week 1 Course introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Overall schedule Week 1 Course introduction Introduction to UAVs Week 2 UAV conceptual design issues Fundamentals of system design Week 3 Concepts of operation UAV operating environments Week 4 Sortie rate estimates Requirements analysis Week 5 Communication considerations and sizing Week 6 Control station considerations and sizing Payload (EO/IR and radar) considerations and sizing 1-20

Design of UAV Systems Overall schedule Week 7 Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Overall schedule Week 7 Reliability, maintenance, safety and support Life cycle cost Week 8 Mid term presentations Week 9 Introduction to air vehicle design Conceptual level aerodynamics Standard atmosphere models Week 10 Spring break Week 11 Parametric propulsion Week 12 Parametric weights Parametric geometry 1-21

Design of UAV Systems Schedule cont’d Week 13 Air vehicle performance Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Schedule cont’d Week 13 Air vehicle performance Integrated performance model Methodology and correlation Week 14 Air vehicle design (example) Week 15 System concept design Week 16 Project preparations Week 17 Project presentations 1-22

Design of UAV Systems References Pre-concept design Conceptual design Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation References Pre-concept design Chaput, Concept Design of UAV Systems Chaput, Concept design spreadsheet models Conceptual design Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 3rd Edition Raymer, RDS-Student Software for Aircraft Design, Sizing and Performance Roskam, Airplane Design, Parts I - VIII; Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls, Parts I&II. Primary references 1-23

UAV PCD = Chaput, Pre-Concept Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Reference notation UAV PCD = Chaput, Pre-Concept Design of UAV Systems RayAD = Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach RayRDS = Raymer, Student Software for Aircraft Design, Sizing and Performance RosAP = Roskam, Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance RosAD.1 = Roskam, Airplane Design, Part I ...through... RosAD.8 = Roskam, Airplane Design, Part VIII RosFD.1 = Roskam, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls, Part I RosFD.2 = Roskam, Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls, Part II 1-24

Spreadsheet models and data Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Spreadsheet models and data Mission area coverage – UT.mission.coverage.xls Mission sortie rate – UT.sortie.xls Communication line of sight – UT. RFLOS.xls Air vehicle performance (internal combustion) - UT.ICProp.xls Air vehicle performance (turboprop) - UT.TBPprop.xls Air vehicle performance (turbofan) - UT.TBFan.xls Sensor data – UT.sensor.xls Datalink data – UT.datalink.xls Life cycle cost - UT.aircraft cost.xls 1-25

Will be provided electronically Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Course materials Will be provided electronically 1. Will be available one week in advance Read ahead if you want But it is not a requirement 2. Paper copies are your responsibility Limit of one copy per student Note the Lockheed Martin Copyright 3. All lectures based on public source materials If you are looking for Lockheed Martin secrets you will be disappointed 4. But the methods, thought processes and approaches are very state of the art You will learn how it is done in the real world One exception – no stealth coverage 1- 26

Good questions help everybody learn 2. Ask electronically Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Questions Three ways 1. Ask in class Good questions help everybody learn 2. Ask electronically Ask questions by Email Answers will be by Email and should be posted on the course bulletin board by all recipients 3. Ask personally Office in WRW 305A, phone ? Office hours Friday, 11:00 -2:00 1- 27

Assigned weekly (starting week 3) 1. Practice what we teach Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Homework Assigned weekly (starting week 3) 1. Practice what we teach Applications of design methods With design project focus Should be easy if you pay attention 2. Submit weekly Don’t be late Will be hard to catch up while keeping up 1- 28

This course is about application of knowledge to design Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Examinations This course is about application of knowledge to design Design projects/presentations will be given in lieu of exams 1- 29

Project presentations Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Project presentations Presentations will be your major product Team presentation grades will be shared by team With adjustments for individual performance Formats Electronic - Use standard MS Word, Excel or PowerPoint as appropriate - Scanned materials should use standard pdf, jpg or gif formats Other Please minimize non-electronic submittals but we will accept paper copies if no other option available 1- 30

Two major project submittals/presentations Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Design projects Two major project submittals/presentations 1. Initial system concept design (week 8) Concept of Operation Communications Control stations Payload Notional air vehicle concept - Cost and effectiveness 2. Preferred system concept (week 17) Air vehicle design - Trade study results - System performance 1- 31

Class participation and attendance - 20% Homework - 20% Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Grade basis Class participation and attendance - 20% Homework - 20% Mid term design review - 25% Final design review - 35% 1- 32

Interest in aircraft design What are your expectations ? Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Course participants Introduce yourself Name Hometown Interest in aircraft design What are your expectations ? 1-33

You will not be UAV expert Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation My expectations You will not be UAV expert You will understand the fundamental conceptual design issues and how to approach them You will understand where to go for more information Your will be able to develop a UAV system conceptual design that should work Major components defined Reasonably optimized size and performance Reasonable cost estimates Reasonable effectiveness estimates 1-34

Advanced Design Phases Importance of early design decisions Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Next subject UAV system Overview Advanced Design Phases Importance of early design decisions Course overview Objective Differences Expectations Participants Content and schedule Homework Course background Personal background 1- 35

Near term - Korean fighter production (F-16) Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Course background 1999 Agreement Established Sejong-Lockheed Martin Aerospace Research Center - Part of an LM corporate commitment to support Korean aerospace development Near term - Korean fighter production (F-16) Mid term - T-50 program co-development Long term - Sejong-LM Aerospace Research Center Sejong project focus Support student programs Radio control aircraft competition Provide scholarships Undergraduate and graduate Help establish Sejong center of excellence UAV studies 1- 36

Lockheed Martin - 20+ years in advanced aerospace product development Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Who am I? Lockheed Martin - 20+ years in advanced aerospace product development Systems Engineering - Senior Technical Fellow Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles - IPT lead (start  early 99) LM/Boeing/Northrop AFX - Chief Engineer National Aerospace Plane - National team Chief Engineer National Aerospace Plane - Company Program Director Advanced Design Department - Manager Other credentials Member, US Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1997-2001, 2003) Member, Naval Studies Board (2003) Member, Board of Trustees, Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (1998-2001) Member, AIAA Aircraft Design Technical Committee 1-37

Active duty with US Army (1967-69) Design of UAV Systems Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Who am I - cont’d? Prior Employment Central Intelligence Agency (1969-80) Active duty with US Army (1967-69) Boeing Launch Systems Company (1966) Education Doctor of Philosophy, Texas A&M University Master of Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M Bachelor of Science , Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M Other Flight Instructor, single engine, land Commercial pilot, instrument rated ,single & multi-engine “UAV pilot” (radio control model aircraft) since age 13 1-38

Design of UAV Systems Intermission Course Introduction c 2003 LM Corporation Intermission 1-39