Did You Know? The speed of sound in water is 1,435 m/sec - nearly five times faster than the speed of sound in air.1,435 This is why Whale songs can be heard from so far away. Monday, September 8

Objective: Begin learning about history of marine science and some of the first marine explorers. Agenda: Organize notebooks Go over Unit 2 Learning Goals History of Exploration Notes pg. 25 Homework None

Voyages of Discovery  Explorers and Navigators The first vessels B.C. Merchants 2000 B.C. Fall of the Roman Empire

5000 B.C to 800 A.D Egyptians- made the first sailboats Phoenicians- made the first trade routes (Mediterranean) Polynesians- made primitive maps and were the first to have long distance open ocean voyages. Greeks- Major advancements in navigation Pytheas- mapped out latitude using the North Star Eratosthenes- calculated Earth’s circumference.

800 A.D to 1400 A.D Vikings- Improved sailboats Bigger sails Oarsmen if no wind Flat-bottom boats (get closer to land)  Sea exploration was only done by Vikings This lasted from about A.D. (the middle of the dark ages)

Major Viking discoveries 9 th century: warming climate led to melting N. Atlantic ice, this allowed more Viking voyages through previously frozen area. Discoveries: Iceland (mild climate) Greenland (frozen land) North America (Newfoundland Canada) led by Leif Eriksson Leif Eriksson day is Oct. 9 th

Middle Ages = Dark Ages In Europe Any thoughts on why they were called the dark ages? Knowledge of geography and science entered an intellectual “darkness” there was also, poor communication and lack of education.

Meanwhile… In China… During the European “Dark Ages” other parts of the world, were making intellectual progress. In 1125 the magnetic compass was invented and being used by the Chinese sailors.

Pg. 24 RTW: How did the Vikings improve on the sailboat? Objective: I will learn about some of the major scientific expeditions and early explorations! Agenda: Notes on marine history continued. Pg in ISN Begin Explorer Project (Fakebook) Homework: Please be sure to keep up with notes you have might have a pop quiz! Tuesday, September 9

The End of the Dark Ages Bartholomeu Dias A Portuguese navigator 1487-Sailed around the tip of Africa, which he called: "Cape of Storms" (Cabo das Tormentas). Later named the Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus 1492 went to sea to find a new route to India for trade, he headed west and crossed the Atlantic and landed in the Bahamas Later he reached South and Central America

Later Expeditions John Cabot left England and sailed to what is now Delaware. Vasco Nunez de Balboa – 1500s crossed the Isthmus of Panama, first to see the East coast of the Pacific Amerigo Vespucci explored 9600 km of coastline from North to South America Mapmakers in Europe named the Americas after him First to recognize S. America as it’s own continent

Later Expeditions Cont. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, was the first to attempt to circumnavigate the earth Francis Drake second successful circumnavigation of the world, his purpose was to raid Spanish ships for treasure.

Fakebook Profile You will create a fake Facebook profile for your assigned explorer. (Google: “fakebook teacher”) Explorers 1. Phoenicians 2. Polynesians 3. Greeks 4. Chinese 5. Vikings 6. Portuguese Google: “ocean motion timeline”

Pg. 24 RTW: Who attempted to circumnavigate the world and died in the process? Objective: I will learn about some of the major scientific expeditions and early explorations! Agenda: Work on Explorer Project (Fakebook) Homework: Please be sure to keep up with notes you have might have a pop quiz! Wednesday, September 10

Fakebook Profile Include: Profile Picture Name Wallpaper/background picture About Me Section Born or time spent exploring/navigating Hometown Job Relationship Status Wallposts (at least 5 that are informational) Friends/Enemies

Pg. 24 RTW: Why were the Dark Ages called that? Objective: I will learn about some of the major scientific expeditions and early explorations! Agenda: Pop Quiz! Finish Explorer Fakebook profile Homework: None Thursday, September 11

Pg. 24 RTW: What were the Phoenicians known for? Objective: I will learn about some of the major scientific contributions. Agenda: Turn in Explorer Fakebook profile Homework: None Happy Friday Friday, September 12

Pg. 28 Answer the following: “I had ambition not only to go farther than any man had been before, but as far as it was possible for a man to go.” - James Cook 1. How does this quote portray/describe James Cook’s personality? 2. Why do you think Britain chose James Cook to embark on this voyage? 3. Why do you think the British were so determined to discover the “Great Southern Continent”? 4. Why was the chronometer important in navigating?

By the mid 18 th century quite a bit was known about the world’s geography but not much scientific information. Some questions: How deep is the sea? What causes the currents? What natural resources does the ocean contain?

Pg. 29 Scientific Exploration In the mid 1700’s, James Cook began using observation to make scientific discoveries on his ship. Figured out how to prevent scurvy. (Vitamin C) 1 st to use chronometer to figure out longitude.

Cornelis Drebbel- 1 st submarine. ecials/special_drebbel.htm Benjamin Franklin, US postmaster, wanted to know why it took longer for mail to come from Europe to America than vice versa Later he drew an accurate map of the Gulf Stream

Ben Franklin’s Gulf Stream- Image 1 Drebbel’s 1 st Submarine

Matthew Fontaine Maury- American Naval Officer “The Father of Oceanography” 1855 analyzed the logbooks of navy ships and published the first books on oceanography called The Physical Geography of the Sea

Pg. 28 S.T.A.R 1. Who receives credit for building the 1 st submarine? 2. What was the significant contribution made by the Polynesians? 3. What contribution did Matthew Fontaine Maury make to ocean exploration? 4. What was a significant contribution that Ben Franklin made to oceanography? 5. Who used citrus fruit to help prevent scurvy?