Overview Asexual (one parent) fission (parent separation) budding (corals) gemmules (porifera) fragmentation & regeneration (inverts) Sexual (fusion of haploid gametes) gametes (sex cells) zygote (fertilized egg) ovum (unfertilized egg) spermatozoon (male gamete)

Animal Reproduction & Development (Chapter 46 & 47)

Introductory Question #9 Key Pages to review: Ch 46: pgs , 967, 970, 971, 974 & 976 Ch. 47: pgs ) Name three forms of asexual reproduction and give an example of an organism that does it. 2)Name five structures found in the human male and five structures in the human female. Name the cell that produces testosterone and other androgens in the human male. 3)How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis? (pgs ) 4)Looking at figures a-e on pg 976, when LH levels peak what is going on in regards to the uterine lining (e) and ovulation (c)? What structures produce progesterone & estrogen? What do these two hormones promote? 5)Name the four phases of the menstrual cycle. At what point does ovulation occur? 6)What does IVF stand for? Name three effective forms of birth control. 7)How is the acrosomal and cortical reactions different in the fertilization process? (Pgs :ch. 47) which process releases calcium? 8)In the development process how is the morula stage different from the blastula stage? 9)How is a protostome different from a deueterostome? Which one are we? 10)From the three tissue (germ) layers that form during development, which layers does the brain and spinal cord form from? (see pg. 999) What about your glands –endocrine system?

Female Reproductive Structures

The Menstrual Cycle in Females

Oogenesis As embryo until menopause... Ovaries Primordial germ cells (2N) Oogonium (2N) Primary oocyte (2N) Between birth & puberty; prophase I of meiosis Puberty; FSH; completes meiosis I Secondary oocyte (1N); polar body Meiosis II; stimulated by fertilization Ovum (1N); 2nd polar body

Internal Anatomy of the Male

Spermatogenesis Puberty until death! Seminiferous tubules ~ location Primordial germ cell (2n)~ differentiate into…. Spermatogonium (2n) ~ sperm precursor Repeated mitosis into…. Primary spermatocyte (2n) 1st meiotic division Secondary spermatocyte (n) 2nd meiotic division Spermatids (n)~ Sertoli cells…. Sperm cells (n)

Embryonic Development/Fertilization Preformation~ until 18th century; miniature infant in sperm or egg At fertilization/conception: Acrosomal reaction~ hydrolytic enzyme action on egg jelly coat…. Fast block to polyspermy~ membrane depolarization prevents multiple fertilizations…. Cortical reaction~ release of calcium causes hardening of egg outer layer and creates a... Slow block to polyspermy and... Egg activation~ increases metabolic activity; protein synthesis

Fertilization

Ch. 46 & 47 - Reproductive & Development 1.Name two adaptive advantages associated with having separate sexes (sexually reproducing). How does this compare with asexual reproduction? 2.Embryonic development involves three mechanisms __________, ___________, and _____________. 3.Name two unique structures seen only in females and two structures only found in males. 4.Describe what an ectopic pregnancy is? 5.Briefly explain what an IVF procedure does. Important Text Pages: pg. **Write the title for each segment and FIVE statements for each segment.

Reproductive Cycles Parthenogenesis unfertilized egg development; haploid, sterile adults (honeybees) Hermaphroditism both male & female reproductive systems; sessile & burrowing organisms (earthworms) Sequential hermaphroditism reversal of gender during lifetime protogynous (female 1st) protandrous (male 1st)

Mechanisms of sexual reproduction Fertilization (union of sperm and egg) external internal Pheromones chemical signals that influence the behavior of others (mate attractants)

Mammalian Reproduction The Human Male Testes ~ male gonads Seminiferous tubules ~ sperm formation Leydig cells ~ hormone production Scrotum ~ outside body temp. Epididymis ~ sperm development Vas deferens ~ sperm propulsion Seminal vesicles ~ semen Prostate gland ~ anticoagulant; nutrients Bulbourethral glands ~ acid neutralizer Penis/urethra ~ semen delivery

Meiosis in the Testes

Mammalian Reproduction The Human Female Ovaries ~ female gonads Follicle ~ egg capsule Corpus luteum ~ hormone secretion Oviduct ~ fertilization Uterus/endometrium ~ womb/lining Cervix/vagina ~ sperm receptacle

The Fertilized Egg & Cleavage Blastomeres~ resultant cells of cleavage/mitosis Yolk ~ nutrients stored in the egg Vegetal pole ~ side of egg with high yolk concentration Animal pole ~ side of egg with low yolk concentration Morula~ solid ball of cells Blastocoel ~fluid-filled cavity in morula Blastula ~hollow ball stage of development

Stages of Development Germ layers Mesoderm- middle Ectoderm- outer Endoderm- inner Mouth-----Protostome Anus-----Deuterostome

Protostome vs. Deuterostome

Gastrulation

Development & Movement of tissue Layers

Gastrulation Gastrula ~ 2 layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage 3 Embryonic germ layers: Ectoderm~ outer layer; epidermis; nervous system, etc. Endoderm ~ inner layer; digestive tract and associated organs; respiratory, etc. Mesoderm ~skeletal; muscular; excretory, etc. Invagination ~ gastrula buckling process to create the... Archenteron ~ primitive gut Blastopore ~ open end of archenteron

Organogenesis: organ formation Blastodisc ~ cap of cells on top of yolk Primitive streak ~ invagination of blastodisc Neural tube ~ beginning of spinal cord Somites~ vertebrae and skeletal muscles Neural crest ~ bones and muscles of skull

Amniote embryos Extraembryonic membranes : yolk sac (support; circulatory function) amnion (fluid-filled sac; protection) chorion (placenta formation) allantois (nitrogenous waste)

Infertility & IVF Procedure Video Segment (2 nd )-Cycles of Life