Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 16 The Reproductive System Pregnancy

Introduction Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Infertility/sterility- can’t conceive due to…  Poor quality or poor quantity of gametes Blockages in ducts

Reproductive techniques Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Artificial insemination  IVF/GIFT  Surrogate mother

Egg, fertilization, and developing zygote Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings polar bodies Secondary oocyte zygote Corona radiata Zona pellucida Mature ovum before fertilization fertilization

Egg an developing zygote Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Monozygotic twins  Dizygotic twins

FYI-Stages of Pregnancy and Development Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fertilization- possible for 4-5 days  Embryonic development- 2 wks- 8 wks  Fetal development- 9 wks- 9 mos (40 wks)  Childbirth +/- 40 wks

Early Stages of Development Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure Time= 0 hrsTime= 48 hrs Time= 24 hrs 2 cell stage Time= 72 hrs or 3 days Time= 5-7 days coel Implantation 7-10 days

Blastula Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hollow ball of cells  Secretes hCG so corpus luteum can make P (& some E) Blastocoel-amniotic sac/fluid Inner cell mass- embryo Trophoblast- embryonic & fetal membranes  Hollow ball of cells  Secretes hCG so corpus luteum can make P (& some E) Blastocoel-amniotic sac/fluid Inner cell mass- embryo Trophoblast- embryonic & fetal membranes

Implantation days Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gastrula- 2 wks Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gastrulation- formation of 3 primary germ layers  Ectoderm – outside layer (nervous & epidermis) Mesoderm – middle layer(mucosae of viscera, glands) Endoderm – inside layer (everything Else)  Gastrulation- formation of 3 primary germ layers  Ectoderm – outside layer (nervous & epidermis) Mesoderm – middle layer(mucosae of viscera, glands) Endoderm – inside layer (everything Else)

Embryo- 2nd- 8th wks Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Embryonic membranes  Chorion- between fetus & mother  Amnion- holds fluid; surrounds embryo  Yolk sac- supplies nurishment  Allantois- BV to Umbilical cord  Embryonic membranes  Chorion- between fetus & mother  Amnion- holds fluid; surrounds embryo  Yolk sac- supplies nurishment  Allantois- BV to Umbilical cord

Fetus- 9th-40th wk Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Placenta-temp org; mother to fetus (in vs out)  Chorionic villi-extend into endometrium;nutrient  Umbilical cord-fetus to placenta(oxy vs deoxy)  HDN (Rh- mom with Rh+ fetus; 2 nd child)  Placenta-temp org; mother to fetus (in vs out)  Chorionic villi-extend into endometrium;nutrient  Umbilical cord-fetus to placenta(oxy vs deoxy)  HDN (Rh- mom with Rh+ fetus; 2 nd child)

Embryo vs Fetus Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Embryo vs Fetus Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Changes during Pregnancy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  hCG  Placental E and P  Morning sickness  Other hormones- PRL, placental lactogen, oxytocin  others

Labor and Childbirth Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Full-term fetus vs preemie  Labor and delivery  Due to E and oxytocin levels rising

Initiation of Labor Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.18

Stages of Labor Slide 16.62a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mucus plug  Contractions  Dilation of cervix  Effacement  Water breaking  Expulsion of fetus  Umbilical cord cut  Afterbirth

Stages of Labor Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.19

Stages of Labor Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.19

Other terms Slide 16.62a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Epidural

Other terms Slide 16.62a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Breech vs vertex

Other terms Slide 16.62a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  C-section

Other terms Slide 16.62a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Preemie< 37 wks

Postnatal development in mom Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Prolactin- causes milk production in mammary glands  Pre-nursing- colostrum  Nursing- causes milk to be produced, lasts for 1 week after baby stops nursing

Neonatal development Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  At birth, baby needs to have all systems functioning independently of mom when umbilical cord cut  1st breath/cry  All other systems come after

Applications and diagnostic techniques Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings birth defects teratogens

Applications and diagnostic techniques Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings birth defects teratogens

Applications and diagnostic techniques Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings birth defects Crucial time for teratogens

Applications and diagnostic techniques Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings birth defects examples FAS thalidomide Preemie, drug addicted

Applications and diagnostic techniques Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings genetic birth defects Down syndrome Spina bifida Cystic fibrosis MD

Diagnostic testing Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ultrasound/sonogram

Diagnostic testing Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings amniocentesis

Diagnostic testing Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings CVS

Diagnostic testing Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings karyotyping

Diagnostic testing Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings karyotyping