Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 The Developing Person The Developing Person I.Different Perspectives on Development II.Developmental Processes III.Cognitive Dvmt IV.Social and Emotional Development V.Moral Dvmt VI.Erikson's Lifespan Development VII.Language Development

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 I.Different Perspectives Developmental psychology-concerned with changes in physical/psychological functioning across lifespan (from conception) Some Issues: 1. Nature vs. Nurture 2.Discontinuous vs Continuous theories 3.Stability/Change

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Developmental Research 1.Types a.normative investigations b.Longitudinal c.Cross-sectional d.Sequential

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Data Collection Methods 2.Data Collection a.habituation: decrease in response, habit b.dishabituation: responds to new stimulus c.also facial expressions, sucking

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 II.Developmental Processes A.Physical development Prenatal: 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine wall- then becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus teratogens: harmful agents, FAS, smoking, etc.--all can affect psychological dvmt heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long early as 6 th week-responses to stimulation feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long sex vs. gender gender determined at 8 wks

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Newborn development brain mass increases 50% by 2 yrs 80% next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs tendencies such as temperament mostly reflexes: rooting, grasping, babinski

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Newborn development Sensory dvmt prefer female voice at birth prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to voice newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still forming connections 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8 mos, 1/80 in, 6 yr/us-1/300 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head, 7 wks, facial features detect person 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9 mos 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste from sour also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc learn mothers odor in 3 days

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 C.Maturation-typical of species

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 III. Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist Schemes Assimilation & Accommodation Conservation

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Piaget’s Stages Stages 1.Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses & actions -object permanence, stranger anxiety 2.Pre-Operational (2-7) -egocentrism, no conservation, -centration, animistic thinking 3.Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible actions, mathematical transformations, conservation 4.Formal Operations (12+)-true logic, abstract reasoning, algebra

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 IV. Social and Emotional Development Harry Harlow’s studies Temperament (Kagan) Thomas & Chess-3 styles –Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 1.Attachment Theory A.Bowlby’s idea B.Harlow’s idea of contact comfort C.Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” and attachment styles

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Ainsworth’s Attachment The Strange Situation Methodology based on Stranger and Separation Anxiety 3 Primary styles: 1.Secure (56%) 2.Insecure Type A: Anxious-Avoidant (25%) Type C: Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent (19%)

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 More attachment... A 4th Attachment style: Disorganized/Disoriented Identified by Main & Solomon (1990)

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 2.The Influence of Culture & Gender Collectivism and Individualism Child-rearing Gender –Social learning Theory-Bandura –Gender Schema Theory-Bem

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 V. Moral Development What’s different about adolescence? –Sexual maturity, transition, relationships What is Morality? –A system of beliefs, values and underlying judgements about right and wrong What is Moral Development? –Concerns rules and conventions about how people should behave in their interactions with others

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Moral Development Kohlberg’s Theory (1950’s) Moral Dilemma Moral reasoning Carol Gilligan’s Two Voices –Voice of Justice –Voice of Caring

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Kohlberg’s Levels Progressive stages Levels and Stages:Reason for moral behavior: I.Preconventional Morality-oneself(before age 9) Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain orientationAvoid pain or getting caught Stage 2: Cost/Benefit orientationAchieve/receive rewards reciprocity (eye for an eye) II.Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society (early adolescence) Stage 3: "good child" orientationGain acceptance, avoid disapproval Stage 4: Law and order orientationFollow rules, avoid penalties III.Postconventional (Principled) morality-universal principles Stage 5: Social contract orientationPromote the welfare of one's society Stage 6: Ethical principle orientationAchieve justice, avoid self-condemnation Stage 7: Cosmic orientationBE true to universal principles; feel oneself part of a cosmic direction that transcends social norms

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 Parenting Styles Parenting styles -Baumrind-1971: A.Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style B.Authoritative: encourages independence C.Permissive Parenting -permissive indulgent -permissive neglectful

Myers Exp. Psychology Chapter 3 VI.Erikson’s Life-span Development