Module 4: Electrical Systems Engineering Mathematics

Introduction The Electrical Systems lesson will cover electricity, Ohm’s Law, measuring, and efficiency. You will determine a 6-volt battery current, voltage, and resistance. Student teams will perform an energy audit of their school. In addition, you will design a building/wing/floor that meets a certain power consumption criteria, using conventional power sources (fossil fuels) and renewable power sources.

Chapter 4: Outline Ohm’s Law, Power and DC Serial vs. Parallel, Capacitors, and Inductors AC Circuits Transformers and Motors

Objectives and Results Students will understand the meaning of electricity, Ohm’s Law, and the meaning of electrical systems. Students will understand the different types of electrical systems, as well as the careers and educational opportunities available in the electrical systems industry. Student teams will perform an energy audit of their school and design a building/wing/floor that meets a certain power consumption criteria, using conventional power sources (fossil fuels) and renewable power sources.

Schedule of Assignments Class/Week Topic Reading Assignment 1-2 Introduction Vocabulary Electrical Engineering O*Net Chapter 4.1 #1-Individual Write a one-page paper about the Electrical Engineering Occupation. 3-10 Ohm’s Law Chapter 4.2, 4.3 #2 In teams of 2-3, complete the Ohm’s Law Exercise. 11-20 Energy Audit Chapter 4.4 #3 In teams of 2-3, complete the Electrical Systems Project (Energy Audit).

Vocabulary Electrical Systems Ohm’s Law Motor Electrical Power Efficiency Electrical Systems: utilities that provides electricity; they are groups of electrical components connected to carry out some operation Ohm’s Law: the mathematical relationship among electric current, resistance, and voltage; the principle is named after the German scientist Georg Simon Ohm Motor: a machine, especially one powered by electricity or internal combustion, that supplies motive power for a vehicle or for some other device Electrical Power: considered the presence as well as stream of an energy charge; the power component of electricity may be found in various phenomena like static power, electro-magnetic spheres and even lightning Efficiency: the state or quality of being efficient; i.e., "greater energy efficiency"

Electrical Engineering There are several career opportunities in the electrical systems field. Electrical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and equipment for power generation and distribution, machine control, and communications.

Careers/Educational Opportunities Career and educational opportunities choices include the following: Electrical engineers Electrical engineering technicians Electrical engineering technologists Electricians Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Electronics engineering technologists Electrical engineers Bachelors Degree - Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering Electrical engineering technicians Associate’s Degree Computer Science — Computer Engineering Technology/Technician; Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology Associate’s Degree Engineering - Computer Engineering Technology/Technician; Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician Electrical engineering technologists Bachelors Degree Engineering — Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician Electricians Associate's Degree – Electronics Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Associate’s Degree – Electronics Electronics engineering technologists Associate’s Degree Computer Science — Computer Engineering Technology/Technician Associate’s Degree Engineering — Computer Engineering Technology/Technician; Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/Technician

Electrical Engineering Assignment Visit the O*Net website (www.onetonline.org). Write a one-page essay on the electrical engineering profession. Discuss at least one sub-specialty of electrical engineering in your essay. Use the O*Net website and at least one other primary source.

Electrical Systems The electrical systems lesson consists of seven sections: What is Electricity? What is Ohm’s Law? What are Electrical Systems? Types of Electrical Systems Careers and Educational Opportunities Ohm’s Law Exercise Electrical Systems Project

What is Electricity? Electricity was not 'invented.” Its characteristics and uses have been known about and developed over hundreds of years. Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus.

What is Electricity?, cont. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons.

Electric Current When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are "lost" from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current.

What is Ohm’s Law? When a voltage is applied to a circuit containing only resistive elements (i.e., no coils), current flows according to Ohm's Law, which is shown below. Ohm's Law is the most important, basic law of electricity. It defines the relationship between the three fundamental electrical quantities: current, voltage, and resistance. When a voltage is applied to a circuit containing only resistive elements (i.e., no coils), current flows according to Ohm's Law.

What is Ohm’s Law?, cont. Where I = Electrical Current (amperes), V = Voltage (volts), and R = Resistance (ohms). Ohm’s Law is used to determine the electric current in electrical systems.

What is Ohm’s Law?, cont. Therefore, if the voltage is increased, the current will increase provided the resistance of the circuit does not change. Similarly, increasing the resistance of the circuit will lower the current flow, if the voltage is not changed. The formula can be reorganized so that the relationship can easily be seen for all of the three variables.

What are Electrical Systems? Electrical systems are utilities that provide electricity. They are groups of electrical components connected to carry out some operation. For example, an electrical system may be equipment in a motor vehicle that provides electricity to start the engine and ignite the fuel and operate the lights and windshield wiper and heater and air conditioner and radio.

Electric Motors Electric motors involve rotating coils of wire which are driven by the magnetic force exerted by a magnetic field on an electric current. They transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. There are two types of motors: DC and AC. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.

DC and AC Motors DC and AC Motors graphic

DC Motors A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. DC motors are used to run machinery, often eliminating the need for a local steam engine or internal combustion engine.

DC Motors, cont. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles. Today, DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Modern DC motors are nearly always operated in conjunction with power electronic devices.

DC Motor Operation DC Motor Operation graphic

AC Motor An AC motor is an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current. In alternating current (AC, also ac), the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. In direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction.

AC Power AC is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences. The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave. An electric motor that operates on alternating current, like the kind of power source found in a household outlet.

AC Motor Operation AC Motor Operation graphic

Ohm’s Law Exercise In this practice exercise, you will build a one-battery, one-resistor circuit. You will use Ohm’s Law to calculate the power and measure efficiency. You will learn to use the following items: Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter Ohm's Law

Project Team Protocol Form teams of 2-3 students. Random selection Teacher choice Student choice Student teams will complete the team contract spreadsheet and assign roles with their teams.

Materials: Ohm’s Law Exercise The team’s materials lead will gather the parts and materials listed below: Calculator (or pencil and paper for doing arithmetic) 6-volt battery Assortment of resistors between 1kΩ and 100kΩ in value

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise The resistance values are between 1 kΩ and 100 kΩ for the sake of obtaining accurate voltage and current readings with your meter. With very low resistance values, the internal resistance of the ammeter has a significant impact on measurement accuracy.

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Very high resistance values can cause problems for voltage measurement, the internal resistance of the voltmeter substantially changing circuit resistance when it is connected in parallel with a high-value resistor. At the recommended resistance values, there will still be a small amount of measurement error due to the "impact" of the meter, but not enough to cause serious disagreement with calculated values.

Ohm’s Law Exercise SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise Another graphic designed to show how students should hook up the equipment.

Instructions: Ohm’s Law Exercise Select a resistor from the assortment, and measure its resistance with your multimeter set to the appropriate resistance range. Be sure not to hold the resistor terminals when measuring resistance or else your hand-to-hand body resistance will influence the measurement! Record this resistance value for future use.

Instructions: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Build a one-battery, one-resistor circuit. A terminal strip is shown in the illustration, but any form of circuit construction is okay. Set your multimeter to the appropriate voltage range and measure voltage across the resistor as it is being powered by the battery. Record this voltage value along with the resistance value previously measured.

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Set your multimeter to the highest current range available. Break the circuit and connect the ammeter within that break, so it becomes a part of the circuit, in series with the battery and resistor. Select the best current range: whichever one gives the strongest meter indication without over-ranging the meter. If your multimeter is auto-ranging, of course, you need not bother with setting ranges. Record this current value along with the resistance and voltage values previously recorded.

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Taking the measured figures for voltage and resistance, use the Ohm's Law equation to calculate circuit current. Compare this calculated figure with the measured figure for circuit current:

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Taking the measured figures for voltage and current, use the Ohm's Law equation to calculate circuit resistance. Compare this calculated figure with the measured figure for circuit resistance:

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Finally, taking the measured figures for resistance and current, use the Ohm's Law equation to calculate circuit voltage. Compare this calculated figure with the measured figure for circuit voltage: V = I x R

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. There should be close agreement between all measured and all calculated figures. Any differences in respective quantities of voltage, current, or resistance are most likely due to meter inaccuracies. These differences should be rather small, no more than several percent. Some meters, of course, are more accurate than others!

Procedures: Ohm’s Law Exercise, cont. Substitute different resistors in the circuit and re- take all resistance, voltage, and current measurements. Re-calculate these figures and check for agreement with the experimental data (measured quantities). Also note the simple mathematical relationship between changes in resistor value and changes in circuit current. Voltage should remain approximately the same for any resistor size inserted into the circuit, because it is the nature of a battery to maintain voltage at a constant level.

Electrical Systems Project Design Challenge Student teams will perform an energy audit of their school. In addition, you will design a building/wing/floor that meets a certain power consumption criteria, using conventional power sources (fossil fuels) and renewable power sources.

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