© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood 11

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development? What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development? How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Self Initiative versus guilt –Third of Erikson’s eight stages –Initiative: enthusiasm for new activities; governed by conscience –Guilt: results when children’s efforts result in failure or criticism What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Self-Understanding Child’s representation of self; substance and content of child’s self-conceptions –Self-recognition begins about 18 months –Young children view self in physical terms –Active dimension is central part of the self

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Emotional Development Self-conscious (evaluative) emotions –First appear at about 2½ years –Pride: successful outcome results in joy –Shame: individual interpretation of own failure results in attack on entire self –Guilt: results from judging efforts as failure –Heavily influenced by parents’ responses What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Young Children’s Understanding of Emotions Ages 4 to 5: children show increased ability to reflect on emotions Self-regulation of emotions continues Parents have important role in helping –Emotional-coaching: nurtures, uses praise –Emotional-dismissal: ignores, denies What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Emotions and Peer Relations Emotions have major role –Moody, negative children experience greater peer rejection –Emotionally positive children are popular –Children controlling emotional responses are more likely to show social competence What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Moral Development Refers to rules and regulations about what people should do in interactions with other people Piaget extensively researched children; two distinct stages of how children think about morality What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development? Heteronomous Morality 4 to 7 years of age Justice and rules conceived of as unchangeable properties of world, removed from control of people Autonomous Morality About 10 years of age and older Child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and one should consider actor’s intentions as well as consequences

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Imminent Justice Belief that if rule is broken, punishment will meted out immediately/automatically –Characteristic of heteronomous morality –Autonomous morality: realize punishment is not inevitable –Piaget: sophisticated thinking increases through give-and-take peer relations What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Moral Behavior Behavioral view –reinforcement, punishment, and imitation Social cognitive view –influenced by situation, self-control development Psychoanalytic view –superego, identity with same-sex parent’s values Empathy and positive feelings What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Gender Social and psychological dimension of being female or male –Gender role: set of expectations of how females or males should think, act, or feel –Gender typing: process for acquiring thoughts, feelings, and behaviors considered appropriate for one’s gender in their culture What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Biological Influences on Gender 46 chromosomes; 23rd pair Sex hormones –Estrogens: influence female physical sex characteristics, help regulate menstrual cycle –Androgens: promote growth of male genitals and secondary characteristics; most important is testosterone What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Gender Problems Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): affects females, dislike typical-girl roles Androgen-insensitive male: male with feminine body Pelvic field defect: born with no penis Genital loss and sex assignment What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 The Evolutionary Psychology View Differing reproductive roles led to different evolutionary pressures –Males: multiple sexual partners for more offspring; dispositions for competition, violence, and risk-taking –Females: devote efforts to parenting and choose long-term mate who can provide What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Social Influences Social role theory –Gender differences caused by contrasting social roles of women and men –Less power, status, and pay for women –Women show more cooperation

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Social Influences Psychoanalytic theory of gender –Preschool child sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent –At age 5 to 6, anxious feelings cause identification with same-sex parent –Unconsciously adopts same-sex parent’s characteristics What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Social Influences Social cognitive theory of gender –Gender develops through observation and imitation, use of rewards and punishments Parental preferences for firstborn male Parental influences and behaviors What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Social Influences Gender and peer influences –Gender plays important role –Gender composition of groups: prefer same-sex groups by age 3, preference increases through age 12 –Group size: boys prefer organized group games, associate in larger groups

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Social Influences Interaction in same-sex groups –Boys in groups engage in rough-and- tumble play, competition –Girls engage in collaborative discourse –More time in same-sex groups linked to more gender-stereotyped behavior What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Fig Developmental Changes in Percentage of Time Spent in Same-Sex and Mixed-Group Settings Mixed-Group Same-Sex years old4.5 years old Percent of social playtime

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 School and Teacher Influences on Gender Concerns of classroom gender biases –Girls More compliant Easily identify with and model teachers (majority are female) What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 School and Teacher Influences on Gender Concerns of classroom gender biases –Boys: Academic problems tend to be ignored More learning problems Receive more criticism More likely stereotyped as having behavior problem What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 School and Media Influences on Gender Portrayals of men and women on TV –Females less competent –Most prime time characters are male –Traditional roles reinforced –1980s–1990s: increased network sensitivity Media print: –Most advertising reflects traditional roles What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Cognitive Influences on Gender Cognitive Developmental Theory –Gender-typed behavior occurs after gender constancy is developed –Children prefer activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Cognitive Influences on Gender Gender Schema Theory –Children gradually develop schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture –Gender schema: organizes world in terms of female and male What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Parenting Socialization influenced by –Parenting styles –Sibling relationships –Context of family structure What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Classification of Parenting Styles Authoritative: Parents encourage child’s independence but still set limits and controls on their actions; associated with child’s social competence Authoritarian: Restrictive punitive style; associated with children’s social incompetence Indulgent: Parents highly involved with children and place very few demands or controls on them; associated with children’s social incompetence Neglectful: Parent uninvolved in the child’s life; associated with child’s social incompetence Undemanding, uncontrolling Rejecting, unresponsive Demanding, controlling Accepting, responsive Classification of Parenting Styles

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Parenting Styles and Ethnicity Asian American families –Training yields positive outcomes Latino childrearing –Encourage development of family and self- identity; requires respect and obedience African American families –Use of nonabusive physical punishment What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Punishment and Discipline Corporal (physical) punishment –Spanking linked to antisocial behaviors –Strong emotional support of parents reduces link –Associated with immediate compliance or aggression and lower levels of morality –Reasons to avoid physical punishment use What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Child Abuse Punishment sometimes leads to abuse Types of child maltreatment –Physical –Child neglect –Sexual: fondling, penetration, exploitation –Emotional: psychological, verbal/mental What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 The Context of Abuse Many factors cause child maltreatment; culture, family, and development –Regular diet of violence on television –Parents lacking sufficient resources or help –Context of family interactions –Parental history and beliefs What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Warning Signs of Abuse Questionable pattern of injuries Age-inappropriate sexual knowledge Poor hygiene, food hoarding, stealing Behavioral extremes What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Developmental Consequences of Abuse Poor emotion regulation Attachment and peer relation problems School difficulties Psychological problems –Anxiety, personality disorder, depression, suicide attempts, conduct disorder Later risk of violence, substance abuse What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 Coparenting Lack of parental cooperation and warmth –Undermining, disconnection of one parent –Places children at risk for problems Parental cooperation and warmth –Linked to prosocial behaviors in children and competence in peer relations What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 Good Parenting U.S. society: attitudes of parenting can be quick with little or no inconvenience Nurture assumption: heredity and time with peers more important than time with parents Good parenting takes time, no quick-fix What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 37 Sibling Relationships and Birth Order Sibling relationships –Can be both pleasant and aggressive –Siblings treat children different than parents –Extensive conflict linked to poor outcomes –Birth order affects sibling relationships What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 38 Birth Order What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development? Firstborns More attention, pressure from parents More adult-oriented, helpful, anxious, conforming, self-controlled Later-borns Parents less demanding, More influences from older siblings More variety in characteristics Only Children Independent, self-centered, no control Achievement-oriented, desirable personality

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 39 Working Parents Many researchers find no detrimental effects of maternal employment Greater risk of problems if: –Work stress spills into home –Mother works in child’s first year What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 40 Single-Parent Families in Different Countries What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development? Percent of families with children under AustraliaUKJapanCanadaUSAGermanySwedenFrance

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 41 Divorced Families More likely to show poorer adjustment Multiple divorce poses greater risks Socially mature, responsible children show fewer behavioral problems Less-competent children have lower self-esteem, more behavior problems What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 42 Fig Divorce and Children’s Emotional Problems 25% of children from divorced families show serious emotional problems compared to only 10% of children from intact, never divorced families Type of family 20 Divorced Intact, never divorced Percent of children showing serious emotional problems

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 43 Other Divorce Issues Should parents stay or go? Family processes matter in divorce Factors affecting child’s adjustments –Personality and temperament –Gender and maturity –Custody and relocation –Socioeconomic status What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 44 Variations in Families Cross-Cultural –Warm, controlling style most common Ethnicity –Linked to family size, structure, education, income, composition, extended networks Socioeconomic Status –Linked to parenting styles, approaches to education What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 45 Peer Relations Peers: –individuals near same age or maturity level –Help children learn reciprocity, fairness, justice –Negative influences possible How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 46 Functions of Play Play: pleasurable activity engaged in for its own sake Functions –Health, tension release, master conflicts –Affiliation with peers –Cognitive development and exploration –Therapists and play therapy How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 47 Parten’s Categories of Play Onlooker Parallel Solitary Unoccupied Child not engaging in play as commonly understood; might stand in one spot Associative Cooperative Child plays alone, independently of others Child watches other children play Child plays separately from others, but in manner that mimics their play Play that involves social interaction with little or no organization Play that involves social interaction in group with sense of organized activity How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 48 Types of Play Pretense/ Symbolic Social Practice Sensorimotor Infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes Games Repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned Occurs when child transforms physical environment into symbol Involves social interactions with peers Activities engaged in for pleasure; include rules How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 49 Television, Prosocial Behavior, and Aggression Aggression Prosocial behavior Cognitive development Achievement How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 50 Educational TV Viewing and Boys’ GPA Quartiles of child informative viewing at age Mean high school overall GPA Fig Amount and patterns of preschool TV viewing have a later impact on boys’ high school GPA

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 51 The End 11