Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World,

WHAT DOES REVOLUTION MEAN?

» REVOLUTION That self-conscious decisions by human beings can reorganize society (think renaissance)

Philosophers can sometimes drive us crazy on principal alone! Voltaire

 Intellectual Challenge to Old Order – hereditary rulers & the church  Hobbes – Social contract, we surrender certain rights to government in exchange for order  Locke – Government duty to protect life/liberty/property, otherwise rebel  Rousseau – Governments operate with the consent of the governed; will of the majority  Montesquieu – Checks and balances and three branches of govt  Voltaire – Freedom of speech and religion  Wollestonecraft – Rights of women  Monarchs and the Enlightenment – enlightened despots – benevolent dictators

Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation Reason over Revelation

Prelude to Revolution: The 18 th Century Crisis Prelude to Revolution: The 18 th Century Crisis… continued  The Community of Belief Systems  Many channels of communication open – pamphlets, salons, correspondence  Expanding middle class – high literacy rate – coffee & tea houses  Enlightenment and the New World  America = unrestrained by Europe’s corruption would thrive  Benjamin Franklin – writer, inventor, representative, ambassador  The Counter Enlightenment – driven by Catholic nations  Reform and Popular Culture  Tax reforms met with riots and protests – prefer status quo  Meet with popular uprisings

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The America Revolution, Frontiers & Taxes  British Frontier Policy  Westward push cost of conflict  Ottawa chief Pontiac fought British over policies  Proclamation of 1763 –western limits  New Colonial Tax & Commercial Policies – Americans enjoyed foreign trade  Colonial Protests  Stamp Act of 1765 – every document was taxed  Women organized boycotts  Boston “Massacre” – fueled popular support for independence  East India Co monopoly on tea – met with Tea Party, and martial law

The America Revolution, The America Revolution, … continued The Course of Revolution,  Continental Congress  Created a currency, declared independence, and organized an army  George Washington – Virginia planter & veteran of French Indian war  Joseph Brant – Mohawk chief on side of British  British defeat at Saratoga – Mohawk go to Canada, French join American side  Yorktown with French support  Treaty of Paris – unconditional independence

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The America Revolution, The America Revolution, … continued  “Common Sense” – Thomas Paine – made argument for independence  Europeans lived vicariously through U.S. – constitutions published in Europe  2 nd Continental Congress = Articles of Confederation  One House legislature  No executive branch  Creating a new Government: Constitutional Convention – 3 branches  Limits of Democracy – still slavery and limited women’s rights

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Look at these words used today: The isms are created during the French Rev. because there has to be a program as to why Ideology -invented in 1795 in the French Revolution 1813, after the Revolution, liberalism is first used Edmund burke in 1790 conservatism is first used Nationalism in the 1790s Socialism invented in the 1810s Communism in the 1840s

So what does this tell us about the French Revolution? Why do we call them political right and political left? They come from the deputies who sat to the left and the right in the national assembly or 1789/1790

The French Revolution, French Society and Fiscal Crisis  Estates General – each has one vote  1 st Estate – Church – 10% of land  2 nd Estate – Nobles – 30% of land  3 rd Estate – 98% of Population, 33% of land, tied to economy  1780 onward – poor harvests (potato had not caught on)  The Poor – 80% of population – increase in bread price = riot

Women's March on Versailles: What is interesting about this picture?

=4K1q9Ntcr5g La Marseillaise (National Anthem) The song was written and composed in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle

 The Politics of Debts and Taxes – Louis XVI (& Marie Antoinette) inherit debt but support US Protest turns to Revolution,  3 rd Estate Acts  Tennis Court Oath – becomes National Assembly  33% unemployed and hungry  The Bastille Falls  Fear leads to Bastille and heads on pikes  Great Fear spreads throughout France – not a good time to be rich

 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen – similar to US Constitution  The Women of Paris Act – march to Versailles, bring back royals  Revolutionary Changes Begin – Church’s land seized, churches closed, religion outlawed The Reign of Terror,  The Jacobins and Girondists (Radicals and moderates)  Jacobins take lead – Guillotine, Terror, Execution of king  Maximilien Robespierre – virtual dictator for approx one year  September Massacres – one way to clean out the prison population  Guillotine – democratic & used on Louis XVI +40,000  Women & the Revolution – women’s sacrifices go unrewarded  No one is safe from the Guillotine – Robespierre meets his end; too radical

Rise of Napoleon  Napoleonic Code: Equality for all; protection of property, etc.  Concordat with Church – churches re-opened, religion legal again  Lycees – public schools for ALL boys; both Napoleon and ppl benefit  Declares himself emperor 1804 – widely popular w/ppl  Napoleon restores stability and pride to France; along with reforms making him widely popular with the ppl – rockstar, pro athlete, hollywood star all in one times 100! “Cult of Personality”

 Undefeated in Europe 1796 – 1812  Impact on Napoleon and military  Continental System – unified economic Europe – targeting Britain (attempt to starve Brits into submission); Britain is Napoleon’s obsession  Iberian war – Napoleon never personally commanded French troops; Duke of Wellington beats French again and again; mainly guerilla warfare on part of Iberians  King of Portugal to Brazil  Russian Scorched Earth Policy – loses approx 95% of Army (Charles XII, Hitler)  Defeated at Leipzig (Battle of Nations) - exiled to Elba  Returns to France – defeated at Waterloo (Wellington); exiled to St. Helena (dies 1821)

The Haitian Revolution, – while the cat’s away…  Accounted for 66% of French tropical imports and 33% of French Foreign trade  The Haitian Revolution - colonial government weakened  Rebelling slaves killed & destroyed plantations  Toussaint L’Ouverture takes military leadership; defeats British expeditionary force and next door Spanish  Napoleon sent forces, Toussaint ends up in Prison, eventually Haiti  Yellow Fever and tenacity of rebels defeat French troops  Napoleon decides to end dream of N. American Empire; sells Louisiana Purchase to US

Congress of Vienna & Conservative Retrenchment,  Balance of Power, restore monarchies, reestablish borders, undo Napoleon’s reforms  The Holy Alliance – Austria/Russia/Prussia  People have tasted democratic reforms; won’t give them up easily Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution,  Greek Independence – from Ottomans – w/help of Brits, French and Russians  Revolutionary Fears in France and Britain  The Revolutions of 1848 – Paris/Vienna/Rome/Berlin looking for self-determination; and Napoleonic reforms