The Second War of Independence (Chapter 12.1 (p ) Presidencies of Madison to Monroe

Presidential Election of 1812

Born in Virginia, 1751 Enlisted in Continental Army but too small Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer. Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency President, 1809 to 1817 Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of Born in Virginia, 1751 Enlisted in Continental Army but too small Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer. Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency President, 1809 to 1817 Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of madwar President James Madison

NEXT War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT Defend our neutrality Freedom of the seas Defend our self interest madwar President James Madison Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the US. Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy of keeping the US out of war and neutral?

“Mr. Madison’s War” Why Britain and not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

“Mr. Madison’s War” June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London repealed impressments policy 2 days prior to war New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war (**start of real sectionalism)- divided nation (quote p. 231) US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans

Map war1812 US unprepared for war & 1813-Failed invasion into Canada- British forces weakest here. US forces set out from: Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain

US Navy Success in War of 1812 Most successful- Perry (Great Lakes), McDonough (Plattsburgh) Did better than US army US navy v. Britain– US navy better! 1. US ships more skillfully handled 2. Better gunners 3. Manned by non-press gang crews US frigates (Old Ironsides) thicker sides, more fire power 1 in 6 sailors African-American

Naval Battles The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war. After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813 British defeat on Great Lakes= British retreat from Detroit & Fort Malden US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle

Napoleon defeated in Europe Napoleon was defeated & exiled= US can’t depend on French British soldiers flood into Canada British prepared to crush NY British invasion stopped by McDonough at Plattsburgh US-British peace talks affected NY & NE saved

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 highlights Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13 th, 1814 highlights

Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war. About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war. New orleans

Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time Defeated British’s best without help from any country Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle. Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S. Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time Defeated British’s best without help from any country Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle. Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S. New orleans

The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace (John Q. Adams, Henry Clay) A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States Treaty was ratified by the Senate

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems : U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy 1.Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US *New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war *Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England 2. Proposed Amendment requiring 2/3 vote for future embargoes, new states admitted, or war declared 3. Wanted to abolish 3/5 Compromise 4. Limit Presidents to 2 terms 5. Prohibit 2 successive presidents from same state ** Delegates arrived in Washington just as news of New Orleans & Ghent arrived

The War’s Legacy U.S. gained the respect of other nations 1 st round of sectionalism defeated (NE Federalist given a “black eye”) The Federalist party came to an end as a national force War heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison Indians relinquished vast lands to US- North of Ohio River US industry grew (blockade)- we are less dependent on Britain Canadians angry over Ghent Treaty (Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarized Great Lakes) Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe US turns from Europe & faced towards the west ** US NATIONALISM grew

Respect from the Europeans The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote, “I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have always proved.