Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE Adjunct Professor, Department of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology 2/27/2009, Rev (321) my.fit.edu/~fleslie Florida’s Approach to a 20% Renewable Energy Transition

Gov. Crist Issues a Challenge Governor Crist is a climate change believer Bring renewable energy to 20% of Florida’s usage by 2020 (a goal common to high renewable energy (RE) resource states)  Biomass, solar and wind being researched and developed Greenhouse gas emissions: utility and transportation  Approve reduced auto emission standards --- cut GHG 30% on CAFÉ standards Stimulus money will help renewables develop in Florida Gov. Crist taking a lead from CA Gov. Schwarzenegger for concept transfers

Florida Efforts Florida Energy Commission recommended energy law changes to legislature Governor’s Action Team on Energy and Climate Change developed additional recommendations Florida Public Service Commission recommended more energy changes New “Energy and Climate Change Commission” merged functions Transportation creates 40% of FL greenhouse gases Save FL motorists 440 million gallons gasoline by 2016 More hybrid and electric cars needed to reduce petrofuel

Coal Plants are Out! FPL applied for a new coal plant to be located near Lake Okeechobee but the Florida Public Service Commission denied the application on emission grounds FPSC denied several other coal plant requests Natural gas is cleaner, but emits CO2, and depletes like other fossil fuels Nuclear power avoids CO2 but is fought by many --- “clean” & “renewable” claim? Federal recovery package dropped “clean” coal and nuclear from $63M bailout

Biomass: Farm to Fuel Florida established the Farm to Fuel Program under Dep’t of Agriculture and Consumer Services to develop biomass resources in Florida  Mr. Jay Levenstine is director of the program under Agriculture Sec’y Charles Bronson Develop biomass to biofuel resources Florida Energy Office grants ~$280M in 2009  Provided ~$1.7B in cost matching for other grants

Jatropha Biomass for Florida

Solar Electric Systems FPL plans large scale solar systems to evaluate Florida solar resources and economics Pure photovoltaic or PV solar plants are arranged in east-west rows  Some track the sun in elevation during the day  Modules are connected in series to get required voltage and in parallel to get additional current 75 MW solar thermal plant in Martin County hybridized with existing combined cycle natural gas plant The KSC 10 MW prototype is delayed until May 2009 FPL Desoto County 25 MW PV solar plant

20 MW PV Solar Electric System Solar plant at Beneixama, Spain – Courtesy of City Solar AGCity Solar AG

Solar Water Heating Solar water heating reduces electrical and natural gas usage Hot water heating is most cost-effective and works well for two persons with a 3’ by 10’ rooftop panel Payoff time is about 7 years Systems heat water in direct or even indirect sun and store heat in a large insulated tank Circulation is from a small pump motor that could run from a solar panel to heat water when utility power is out A timer can enable electric heating at sunset in case the tank temperature is below 120°F

Solar Thermal Systems Utility-scale systems use concentrating mirrors to heat oil to ~700F; a heat exchanger boils water and makes steam for a turbine-alternator electric system FPL is the largest US owner of these plants in California Tax credits and rebates for solar systems make the economics favorable

Solar Electric Generating System californiaphoton.com

Wind Energy in Florida? FPL is interested in large coastal turbines (within 300 meters of the coast) to evaluate long-term wind energy conditions there  Local NIMBYs are fighting it, and FPL has slow-rolled the project due to further pressure Progress Energy is investigating smaller distributed wind systems for their service area There are few wind turbines in Florida now  Florida Tech has one ten-foot diameter rated 1000 watts at 28 mph wind  There are some others, but not found on the Web

Florida Wind Map from 3Tier Group Tier sells high resolution maps for a specific area

Wind Energy in Florida? Florida wind is low in the inland areas, but is stronger in the coastal zones where ocean wind blows freely Offshore wind energy is much stronger, but is more expensive to install and maintain, thus not as attractive now  Depth of 60 feet or less is economical  Ocean buoy WT assessment possible Use small turbines plus solar for remote, off-grid areas

Southwest Windpower Skystream Small Wind Turbine meter diam. 1.8 kW turbine

Ocean Current Energy in Florida? Florida Atlantic University at Dania investigating ocean current energy at their Ocean Energy Center  Gulf Stream is about 4 knots and off Miami about 6 miles  Have an underwater turbine that can be lowered to assess actual generation versus speed  Turbine has 16-foot, strong blades that resist the current forces

FAU Ocean Current Turbine Test system to tow current turbine at emplacement depth while towing it to produce the desired current speed Turbine

Transportation Florida is quite flat, thus vehicles need not have the same power as in hilly states along the Rocky Mountains  Tailoring power to the vehicle roads would save gasoline or diesel energy, reducing the amount of crude oil to be imported  Pure electric vehicles are practical since a study shows that 93% of Americans drive less than 40 miles a day  Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles are electrically charged from 120Vac, but an onboard small charging engine can extend the range for hundreds of miles Boone Pickens proposes compressed natural gas for large truck tractors, made available by wind farms producing utility electricity and freeing natural gas for transportation The new Sun Rail light rail service will travel 61 miles from Deland through Orlando to Poinciana

Light Rail Service A Jacksonville, Florida approach to light rail

Conclusions Florida renewable energy is suited by biofuels for transportation and solar for water heating Solar electricity is excellent for low-maintenance distributed energy The initial cost will likely be ~2 or 3 times utility power costs of $0.108/kWh Transportation changes are likely to shift with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, entering the more affluent markets first but then reaching others as the price falls

Thank you! Questions? ? ? My website: my.fit.edu/~fleslie Roberts Hall Weather: DMES Meteorology Webpage: time_data/fitroofdata.php

References: Books Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN (my preferred text) Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, , TJ807.9.U6B76, ’4’0973. Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., , TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN , TK1541.P , ’2136 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN Texter,

General: rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS Elist for wind energy experimenters Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Solar: solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html Wind: Wind Energy elist Wind energy home powersite elist telosnet.com/wind/20th.html Ocean: Transportation: on OTEC systems geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy References: Websites, etc