Atmosphere and Pollution

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Presentation transcript:

Atmosphere and Pollution Ch. 18

Indoor air pollution can pose serious health risks, but they are risks that the individual can do much to minimize their exposure; outdoor air pollution on the other hand can only be addressed by government and regulation.

Guiding Questions What is the composition, structure, and function of the atmosphere? What are the major indoor and outdoor air pollutants? What is ozone depletion and what are the steps being taken to address it? How do weather and climate affect atmospheric conditions?

The atmosphere Atmosphere = the thin layer of gases around Earth Provides oxygen Absorbs radiation and moderates climate Transports and recycles water and nutrients 78% N2, 21% O2 Human activity is changing the amount of some gases CO2, methane (CH4), ozone (O3)

The first two layers of the atmosphere Troposphere = bottommost layer (11 km [7 miles]) Air for breathing, weather The air gets colder with altitude Tropopause = limits mixing between troposphere and the layer above it Stratosphere = 11–50 km (7–31 mi) above sea level Drier and less dense, with little vertical mixing Becomes warmer with altitude Contains UV radiation-blocking ozone, 17–30 km (10–19 mi) above sea level

Atmospheric properties Atmospheric pressure = the force per unit area produced by a column of air Relative humidity = the ratio of water vapor air contains to the amount it could contain at a given temperature High humidity makes it feel hotter than it really is Temperature = varies with location and time Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude

Natural sources pollute: volcanoes Release particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and other gases Can remain for months or years Aerosols = fine droplets of sulfur dioxide, water, oxygen Reflect sunlight back to space Cool the atmosphere and surface Volcanoes are one source of natural air pollution, as shown by the Mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980

Natural sources pollute: fires Fires pollute the atmosphere with soot and gases Over 60 million ha (150 million acres) of forests and grasslands burn per year Human influence makes fires worse Fuel buildup from fire suppression, development in fire-prone areas, “slash-and-burn” agriculture Climate change will increase drought and fires In 1997, unprecedented forest fires sickened 20 million and caused a plane to crash

We create outdoor air pollution Air pollution comes from mobile or stationary sources Point sources = specific spots where large quantities of pollutants are discharged (power plants and factories) Non-point sources = more diffuse, consisting of many small sources (automobiles) Primary pollutants = directly harmful and can react to form harmful substances (soot and carbon monoxide) Secondary pollutants = form when primary pollutants interact or react with components of the atmosphere Tropospheric ozone and sulfuric acid

The EPA sets standards The EPA sets nationwide standards for emissions and concentrations of toxic pollutants States monitor air quality They develop, implement, and enforce regulations They submit plans to the EPA for approval The EPA takes over enforcement if plans are inadequate Criteria pollutants = pollutants that pose especially great threats to human health Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, particulate matter, lead

Criteria pollutants: CO and SO2 Carbon monoxide (CO) = colorless, odorless gas Produced primarily by incomplete combustion of fuel From vehicles and engines, industry, waste combustion, residential wood burning Poses risk to humans and animals, even in small concentrations Sulfur dioxide (SO2) = colorless gas with a strong odor Coal emissions from electricity generation, industry Can form acid precipitation

Criteria pollutants: NO2 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) = a highly reactive, foul- smelling reddish brown gas Nitrogen oxides (NOx) = formed when nitrogen and oxygen react at high temperatures in engines Vehicles, industrial combustion, electrical utilities Contribute to smog and acid precipitation

Criteria pollutants: tropospheric ozone Tropospheric ozone (O3) = a colorless gas with a strong odor Results from interactions of sunlight, heat, nitrogen oxides, and volatile carbon-containing chemicals A secondary pollutant A major component of smog Participates in reactions that harm tissues and cause respiratory problems The pollutant that most frequently exceeds EPA standards

Areas in the U.S. fail air quality standards Many Americans live in areas with unhealthy levels of criteria pollutants

U.S. air pollution In 2008, the U.S. emitted 123 million tons of the six monitored pollutants The average U.S. driver emits 6 metric tons of CO2/yr as well as other pollutants!

We have reduced air pollution Total emissions of the six monitored pollutants have declined 60% since the Clean Air Act of 1970 Despite increased population, energy consumption, miles traveled, and gross domestic product

We reduced emissions and improved the economy Technology and federal policies Cleaner-burning engines and catalytic converters Permit-trading programs and clean coal technologies reduce SO2 emissions Scrubbers = chemically convert or physically remove pollutants before they leave smokestacks Phaseout of leaded gasoline

Industrializing nations suffer increasing pollution Outdoor pollution is getting worse in developing nations Factories and power plants pollute Governments emphasize economic growth, not pollution control People burn traditional fuels (wood and charcoal) And more own cars China has the world’s worst air pollution Coal burning, more cars, power plants, factories Causing over 300,000 premature deaths/year

Pollution in developing nations is high More people own cars Smog in Beijing surrounds an Olympic stadium

Smog: our most common air quality problem Smog = an unhealthy mixture of air pollutants over urban areas Sulfur in burned coal combines with oxygen to form sulfuric acid Industrial (gray air) smog = industries burn coal or oil Regulations in developed countries reduced smog Coal-burning industrializing countries face health risks Coal and lax pollution control Smog in Donora killed 21 people and sickened 6,000

Photochemical (brown air) smog Produced by a series of reactions Formed in hot, sunny cities surrounded by mountains Light-driven reactions of primary pollutants and atmospheric compounds Morning traffic releases NO and VOCs Irritates eyes, noses, and throats Los Angeles smog kills 3,900/year and costs $28 billion/year High levels of NO2 cause photochemical smog to form a brown haze over cities

Creation of industrial and photochemical smog Industrial smog Photochemical smog