Drill What are some differences between the liquids used in the investigation? Using the terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic, explain the changes in mass of the 2 eggs. 3.Would you expect the same results if you used eggs that were still in their shells?

-Introduction: Respiration -Midterms: 5 minutes Objectives -Introduction: Respiration -Midterms: 5 minutes

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Outline I. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions (Anaerobic and Aerobic) II. Photosynthesis B. Reactions

CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Pick a color

What is ATP?

-Adenosine Triphosphate -Energy used by all cells -Organic molecules containing high-energy phosphate bonds

HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) Copyright Cmassengale

Copyright Cmassengale Break bonds…..ENERGY! An Enzyme! ATPase Copyright Cmassengale

Copyright Cmassengale Remaking ATP ATP Synthetase- an enzyme that builds ATP from ADP Copyright Cmassengale

Copyright Cmassengale The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP Synthetase ATP-ase Copyright Cmassengale

Homework due 1/24/2012 Read pages 221-225 Complete questions on page 237: #1-6, 10, 12-15

Structure of a Mitochondria Inner membrane Composed of folds or shelves called cristae. The electron transport chain occurs along the cristae. Outer membrane Intermembrane space Gel filled space between the outer and inner membrane Matrix Gel-like fluid inside the inner membrane

Copyright Cmassengale Cell Respiration Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix Copyright Cmassengale

Glycolysis 2 ADP 2 molecules of G3P 2 molecules of pyruvate NAD+ NADH Occurs in the cytoplasm Begins both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A 10 step process. 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 molecules of G3P 2 molecules of pyruvate NAD+ NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose To the electron transport chain Requires an input of energy to initiate the reaction. Adapted from Glycolysis © Pearson Education, Inc.

Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis An overview of cellular respiration Figure 9.6 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolsis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Oxidative Mitochondrion Cytosol

When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a 6-carbon sugar How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? Have you ever had a stomach cramp while exercising? Think about what was happening when that occurred.

Glycolysis 2 ADP 2 molecules of G3P 2 molecules of pyruvate NAD+ NADH Occurs in the cytoplasm Begins both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A 10 step process. 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 molecules of G3P 2 molecules of pyruvate NAD+ NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose To the electron transport chain Requires an input of energy to initiate the reaction. Adapted from Glycolysis © Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Respiration: GLYCOLYSIS Reactions to hydrolyze a 6-C glucose molecule into two 3-C molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid All organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way Cytoplasm & Anaerobic *Input: 2 ATP molecules *Yield: 2 ATP molecules/ glucose molecule *Yield: 2 NADH/ glucose molecule

Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Some organisms thrive in little or no oxygen Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds No more ATP: final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis. Produces: ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

Copyright Cmassengale Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic) Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired) Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol) Nets only 2 ATP Copyright Cmassengale

Fermentation

LAB Review Lab Procedure Pre-lab questions Lab Lab Report. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/Photography/Images/POD/m/micro-yeast-522314-sw.jpg

WHIP AROUND Stand up with a partner, back to back, with both individuals easily viewing the board

Glucose and oxygen are the reactants of cellular respiration True or False Glucose and oxygen are the reactants of cellular respiration

Photosynthesis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix True or False Photosynthesis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

Fermentation yields only 2 ATP True or False Fermentation yields only 2 ATP

The Krebs cycle yields 2 pyruvic acid True or False The Krebs cycle yields 2 pyruvic acid

Aerobic respiration is the most efficient manner of energy production True or False Aerobic respiration is the most efficient manner of energy production

When ATP is recharged, that means that a ___________ is being added onto _______. When ATP is spent or used, that means that a ___________ is taken off of ______ _. 3. _________can be compared to a fully-charged battery _________can be compared to a run-down battery. 4. Energy is stored for use by cells in ATP molecules. What is the source of that energy?

Review and collect yeast problem Aerobic respiration-Krebs cycle Wednesday February 2, 2011 Review and collect yeast problem Aerobic respiration-Krebs cycle Quiz: Monday HW: posted online Read pg 220-227 pg 237 q. 1-10, 12-13-14-15

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Oxygen required=aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria 1. Kreb’s Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain

Kreb’s Cycle Completes the breakdown of glucose Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H+ and electrons which move to the 3rd stage

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase). As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

Electron Transport Figure 8.14 Electron transport occurs along the mitochondrial membrane.

Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s 2 ATP Electron Transport 32 ATP 36 ATP Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

A Summary of Glycolysis Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? 2 ADP 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate Glycolysis Cytoplasm Glucose (C6H12O6) 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 NAD+ Net of 2 ATP 4 4

A Summary of the Krebs Cycle Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? Krebs Cycle Mitochondria Matrix 2 pyruvate 2 ADP 2 FAD 8 NAD+ 2 ATP 8 NADH 6 CO2 2 FADH2 2 ATP 50

A Summary of Electron Transport Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? Electron Transport Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria 2 FADH2 32 ADP 10 NADH 6 O2 32 ATP 10 NAD+ 6 H2O 2 FAD 32 ATP 51

A Summary of Cellular Respiration Process Where in the cell does this process occur? What are the reactants of this process? What are the products of this process? How many ATP are generated? Glycolysis Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle Mitochondrial Matrix Electron Transport Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD+ 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate + 2 pyruvate 2 ADP 2 FAD 8 NAD+ 2 ATP 8 NADH 6 CO2 2 FADH2 + 2 FADH2 32 ADP 10 NADH 6 O2 32 ATP 10 NAD+ 6 H2O 2 FAD 52