Human Brain the most complex living structure on the universe وَ فِیۡۤ اَنۡفُسِكُمْ اَفَلَا تُبْصِرُوۡنَ -- سُوۡرَۃُ الذّٰرِیٰتِ Dr. Abdel Ilah Alshbatat Tafila Technical University

CONTENTS 1. Facts about Brain 2. Brain Cells 3. Lobes of the brain 4. Synaptic Transmission 5. Right & Left Brain 6. BCI 7.Types of BCI 8. How brain-computer interfaces work 9.EEG 10.Electrode placement 11.Brain waves 12.BCI applications

About 3 pounds (1,300 grams) 78% water, 10% fat, 8% protein Less than 2.5% of body’s weight Uses 20% of body’s energy People only use 10% of their brain 100 billion neurons (Greek word meaning bowstring) 1 trillion glial cells (Greek word meaning glue) 1,000 trillion synaptic connection points 280 quintillion memories Facts about Brain

Brain is modified by environment Brain is adaptable Plasticity ‘Use it or Lose it’ Left and Right Hemispheres Left hemisphere for most people is the dominant hemisphere- responsible for production of language, mathematical ability, problem solving, logic Right hemisphere thought to be responsible for creativity and spatial ability Everything people have ever experienced is stored somewhere in their brain At birth people have all the neurons that they will ever have Facts about Brain

Two Kinds of Brain Cells Glia - (Greek word meaning glue) –90% of the brain cells –Less known about glia cells –No cell body –Remove dead brain cells and give structural support Neurons (Greek word meaning bowstring) –100 billion neurons in human brain –Neurons essential to performing the brain's work –Consist of a compact cell body, dendrites, and axons

Neurons Neurons (brain cells) make connections between different parts of the brain. Information is carried inside a neuron by electrical pulses and transmitted across the synaptic gap from one neuron to another by chemicals called neurotransmitters. Learning is a critical function of neurons.

Dendrites and Axons Dendritic branching helps make connections between cells. As cells connect with other cells, synapses occurs. New synapses appear after learning. Repeating earlier learning makes neural pathways more efficient through myelination (fatty substances formed around axons, Myelination enables nerve cells to transmit information faster and allows for more complex brain processes )

The nerve cell, or neuron Synaptic Density 2 year old 6 year old وَاللہُ خَلَقَكُمْ ثُمَّ یَتَوَفّٰىكُمْ ۟ۙ وَ مِنۡكُمۡ مَّنۡ یُّرَدُّ اِلٰۤی اَرْذَلِ الْعُمُرِ لِکَیۡ لَا یَعْلَمَ بَعْدَ عِلْمٍ شَیۡئًا اِنَّ اللہَ عَلِیۡمٌ قَدِیۡرٌ --- سُوۡرَۃُ النَّحۡلِ

Lobes of the Brain Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Lobes of the Brain - Frontal The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: - Memory Formation - Emotions - Decision Making/Reasoning - Personality

Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - Senses and integrates sensation(s) - Spatial awareness and perception

Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli.

Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. They play an integral role in the following functions: - Hearing - Organization/Comprehension of language - Information Retrieval (Memory and Memory Formation)

Two sides or hemispheres of the brain: LEFT and RIGHT We have two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. This is a bundle of nerves that allows each side of the brain to communicate with each other. Each side of the brain processes things differently. Right & Left Brain

how the two sides process information that is! Left Brain Logical Sequential Rational Analytical Objective Looks at parts Right Brain Random Intuitive Holistic Synthesizing Subjective Looks at wholes

Left Hemisphere processes things more in parts and sequentially recognizes positive emotions Identified with practicality and rationality Understands symbols and representations Processes rapid auditory information faster than the right (crucial for separating the sounds of speech into distinct units for comprehension) is responsible for language development. It develops slower in boys, that is why males usually develop more language problems than females.

Right Hemisphere Recognizes negative emotions High level mathematicians, problem solvers, and chess players use Responds to touch and music (sensory) Intuitive Responsive to color and shape Emotional and originative

what information the two sides recognize! Left Brain Letters Numbers Words Right Brain Faces Places Objects

Sensory and motor strips

Auditory ActivityVisual ActivityThinking Activity Memory ActivityMotor ActivitySeeing, ………

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI)

WHAT IS BCI? A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a device that enables communication without movement BCI can help people with inabilities to control computers, wheelchairs, televisions, or other devices with brain activity.

WHAT IS BCI? Translate your brain’s electrical activity (EEGs) into messages or commands. The four BCI components: acquisition, processing, output, environment.

WHAT IS BCI?

TYPES OF BCIs Invasive techniques, which implant electrodes directly onto a patient’s brain Noninvasive techniques, in which medical scanning devices or sensors mounted on caps or headbands read brain signals (EEG)

WHY BCI? BCI is a new neuroscience paradigm that might help us better understand how the human brain works BCI research allows us to develop a new class of bioengineering control devices and robots BCI hold promise for rehabilitation and improving performance BCI can expand possibilities for advanced human computer interfaces (HCIs)

HOW BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES WORK

WHAT IS AN EEG? An electroencephalogram is a measure of the brain's voltage fluctuations as detected from scalp electrodes. It is an approximation of the cumulative electrical activity of neurons. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain with multiple electrodes placed on the scalp It is portable and relative inexpensive that is why most noninvasive BCIs are presently based on EEG.

PHYSICAL MECHANISMAS EEGs require electrodes attached to the scalp with sticky gel Require physical connection to the machine

Electrode Placement Standard “10-20 System” Spaced apart 10-20% Letter for region –F - Frontal Lobe –T - Temporal Lobe –C - Center –O - Occipital Lobe Number for exact position –Odd numbers - left –Even numbers - right

Electrode Placement A more detailed view:

Continuous Brain Waves Generally grouped by frequency: (amplitudes are about 100µV max) TypeFrequencyLocationUse Delta<4 Hzeverywhereoccur during sleep, coma Theta4-7 Hztemporal and parietalcorrelated with emotional stress (frustration & disappointment) Alpha8-12 Hzoccipital and parietalreduce amplitude with sensory stimulation or mental imagery Beta12-36 Hzparietal and frontalcan increase amplitude during intense mental activity Mu9-11 Hzfrontal (motor cortex) diminishes with movement or intention of movement Lambdasharp, jagged occipitalcorrelated with visual attention Vertexhigher incidence in patients with epilepsy or encephalopathy

Enabling disabled people o Vision and hearing o Paralysis treatment o Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc) Psychotherapy o Diagnostics o Treatment Military and civil research o Making dangerous jobs BCI APPLICATIONS…

BCI APPLICATIONS CONT … o Provide a means of communication to completely paralyzed patients o Surgically implanted devices used as replacement for paralyzed patients o Allow patients to control a computer by conscious changes of brain activity o Allow those with poor muscle control to communicate and control physical devices

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