Memory: the processes through which learned information is stored Learning: the acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus Recall: the conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this altered behavior is manifest

Suggested Reading The Seven Sins of Memory by Daniel Schacter Mechanisms of Memory by David Sweatt Grain Brain by David Perlmutter Memory From Mind to Molecules by Squire and Kandel

Neuron Marina Chicurel and Christopher DeFranceo, The Inner Life of Neurons: An empire of semi- independent domains, The Harvard Mahoney Neuroscience Institute Letter: On The Brain, Vol. 4 (Spring, 1995), Volume4/Number2/SP95In.html Neurons shapes and sizes Neurons shapes and sizes from Univ. of Washington

Ion Channels John Travis, Channel Surfing: Atomic-resolution snapshots illuminate cellular pores that control ion flow, Science News Online, Vol. 161 (March 9, 2002), Christof Koch, Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1999, p. 7

Action Potential adapted from J. Timothy Cannon, Potential.html, retrieved 3/30/04 Potential.html

Synapse Dale Purves, George Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James McNamara, and Mark Williams, Neuroscience, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2001, p Cartoon

Cartoon of Memory formation Steve Cox website: 415_2003/syn2003.htmhttp:// 415_2003/syn2003.htm

Expression of LTP possible presynaptic mechanisms –increased probability of transmitter release in response to a presynaptic action potential –more transmitter released due to more sites of release –more transmitter released due to increased size of vesicles containing neurotransmitter –a presynaptic mechanism requires a retrograde messenger (e.g. nitrous oxide) to signal postsynaptic activity to the presynaptic terminal possible postsynaptic mechanisms –increased sensitivity to transmitter due to more postsynaptic receptors for the neurotransmitter –increased sensitivity to transmitter due to increased conductance of individual receptors evidence points to a combination of both possibilities

Glu Reuptake Retrograde Signal Presynaptic = Altered Neurotransmitter amount in vesicles Number of vesicles released Kinetics of release Glutamate reuptake Probability of vesicle fusion Postsynaptic = Altered Number of AMPA receptors Insertion of AMPA receptors Ion flow through AMPA channels Membrane electrical properties Additional possibilities include changes in number of total synaptic connections between two cells Membrane Properties Release Binding Potential Sites of Synaptic Modification in LTP

Release Process *PKC AMPAR NMDAR Phosphorylation & Insertion Ca ++ Retrograde Messenger? *CaMKII *PKM zeta *PKC Synaptic Tag K + Channels Protein Synthesis ? ? * = Persistently Activated Cytoskeleton Changes ? ? Mechanisms for E-LTP

Activity-dependent Regulation of Gene Expression

How to reduce chances of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Diet – low calorie, high fat, high protein, low carb, high Omega-3 low Omega-6, blueberries, anti-oxidants Physical activity Mental activity Cholesterol levels – high cholesterol good? Hormone levels

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Sins of Memory (Omission) Transience – weakening or loss of a memory over time Absent-mindedness – info not registered due to distraction Blocking – search for info we know, but can’t retrieve

Sins of Memory - Commission Misattribution – assigning a memory to the wrong source Suggestibility – memory implanted as a result of suggestions Bias – influence of current knowledge and beliefs on memory Persistence – repeated recall of disturbing memory that we would rather forget