LECTURE V RESOURCES

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES => are resources that once extracted and utilized, are forever lost are not capable of replacement or renewal. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES => are resources that once extracted and utilized, are forever lost are not capable of replacement or renewal.

1. Mineral Resources - Any naturally occurring concentration of a free element or compound in solid form is called mineral deposit. A mineral deposit with a high concentration of at least one metallic element is called an ore. - stock resources that are dormant and if let alone, no economic benefit could be derived from them. 1. Mineral Resources - Any naturally occurring concentration of a free element or compound in solid form is called mineral deposit. A mineral deposit with a high concentration of at least one metallic element is called an ore. - stock resources that are dormant and if let alone, no economic benefit could be derived from them.

Therefore, they have to be extracted and processed so that they can be used in industry, the Philippines has large deposits of metallic minerals like cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, lead, iron, manganese, mercury, nickel, palladium, silver, uranium, and zinc. Non-metallic minerals include asbestos, cement raw material, clay, dolomite, feldspar, gypsum, marble, phosphate, sulfur, and talc.

Our mineral resources are estimated at 30.8 billion metric tons of which 37% are metallic and 63% are non-metallic. They are considered as one of the prime contributors to the country’s foreign exchange earnings valued at 1.19 billion US dollars in 1988.

2. Energy resources - fossil fuels are also known as conventional fuels such as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form. The minerals are found beneath the earth’s surface where they have been stored for billions of years. They are processed and then burned to produce energy. 2. Energy resources - fossil fuels are also known as conventional fuels such as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form. The minerals are found beneath the earth’s surface where they have been stored for billions of years. They are processed and then burned to produce energy.

- Since 1910, oil and natural gas have largely replaced coal because they are environmentally “clean” and are easier and cheaper to transport. - By 1984, about 82% of the commercial energy used throughout the world was provided primarily by the burning of these non-renewable fossil fuels. - Since 1910, oil and natural gas have largely replaced coal because they are environmentally “clean” and are easier and cheaper to transport. - By 1984, about 82% of the commercial energy used throughout the world was provided primarily by the burning of these non-renewable fossil fuels.

-1986, the first oil well in the Philippines was drilled. -Before 1973, 103 oil wells were reported to have been drilled. Hence, 92% of the country's energy requirements was supplied by the thirteen countries in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) , the first oil well in the Philippines was drilled. -Before 1973, 103 oil wells were reported to have been drilled. Hence, 92% of the country's energy requirements was supplied by the thirteen countries in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

- By 1973, the OPEC countries which process 57% of the world’s oil production and about 84% of all oil exports. Saudi Arabia, which has the largest and most accessible oil reserves can produce oil at a cost ranging from 20 cents barrel to 3 dollars form newer fields.

- On October 18, 1973, during the 18 day war between Israel and the alliance of Egypt and Syria, the Arab members of OPEC reduced oil export to Western countries and the United States. The oil embargo which lasted until March 1974 caused the oil price increase of about US$12 a barrel.

- In 1979, the price of the average crude oil rose to about US$35 per barrel. On August of 1990, the oil hostile government of Iraq invaded Kuwait thus more controlling more than 20% of the world’s oil reserves. It caused an oil increase from US$18 per barrel to US$40 per barrel.

- The oil crisis of the ‘70s was not due to a shortage of oil supply but, to OPEC’s significant control of the supply, distribution and prices of oil in the world market.

2. Energy Resources - fossil fuels are also known as conventional fuels as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form. 2. Energy Resources - fossil fuels are also known as conventional fuels as petroleum, fossilized liquid carbon and coal, a carbon in its solid form.

3. Geothermal Resources - these are non-renewable but perpetual energy resources. Hot springs form when underground water comes in contact with hot molten materials beneath the earth’s surface. 3. Geothermal Resources - these are non-renewable but perpetual energy resources. Hot springs form when underground water comes in contact with hot molten materials beneath the earth’s surface.

4. Conventional Non-renewable Nuclear fission - after World War II, the potential of nuclear power to benefit human become a worldwide sentiment. - As uranium-329 and plotonium- 239 split apart by neutrons, energy released and converted mostly to high temperature heat in a chain reaction. 4. Conventional Non-renewable Nuclear fission - after World War II, the potential of nuclear power to benefit human become a worldwide sentiment. - As uranium-329 and plotonium- 239 split apart by neutrons, energy released and converted mostly to high temperature heat in a chain reaction.

The Westinghouse Electric Corporation based on the following allegations. 1.The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) was deficient, defective and unacceptable by any reasonable standards. 2. Implementations of designs developed for another plant are not sustainable for PNPP and many others The Westinghouse Electric Corporation based on the following allegations. 1.The Philippine Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) was deficient, defective and unacceptable by any reasonable standards. 2. Implementations of designs developed for another plant are not sustainable for PNPP and many others

RENEWABLE RESOURCES => Our renewable resources of energy are wood, plants, falling, water, solar, tidal wave energy, as well as human and animal muscle power. RENEWABLE RESOURCES => Our renewable resources of energy are wood, plants, falling, water, solar, tidal wave energy, as well as human and animal muscle power.

1.Solar Energy - is collected known as solar cells. A solar cell is made up from purified selection to which other substances such as gallium and cadmium sulfide are added so that it will electrons and produce a small amount of electrical current when stuck by sunlight. 1.Solar Energy - is collected known as solar cells. A solar cell is made up from purified selection to which other substances such as gallium and cadmium sulfide are added so that it will electrons and produce a small amount of electrical current when stuck by sunlight.

2. Hydroelectric Power - since the 1700’s the kinetic energy in the falling and flowing of water in rivers and streams has been used to produce electricity. 2. Hydroelectric Power - since the 1700’s the kinetic energy in the falling and flowing of water in rivers and streams has been used to produce electricity.

3. Energy from Heat Stored in Water - ocean water stores large amount of heat from the sun and this energy is tapped by giant floating ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plants. 3. Energy from Heat Stored in Water - ocean water stores large amount of heat from the sun and this energy is tapped by giant floating ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plants.

4. Energy From Wind - since the 1600’s, wind energy has been harvested to propel ships, grind grains, pump water and power many small industrial ships. 4. Energy From Wind - since the 1600’s, wind energy has been harvested to propel ships, grind grains, pump water and power many small industrial ships.

5. Biomass - this is produced through photosynthesis. It is an organic plant matter that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels through distillation and pyrolysis (heating in the absence of air). 5. Biomass - this is produced through photosynthesis. It is an organic plant matter that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels through distillation and pyrolysis (heating in the absence of air).