With Help from Susan M. Pojer

Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age 1.Megalopolis. 2.Mass Transit. 3.Magnet for economic and social opportunities. 4.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core 5.New frontier of opportunity for women. 6.Squalid living conditions for many. 7.Political machines. 8.Ethnic neighborhoods.

New Architectural Style New Use of Space New Class Diversity New Energy New Culture (“Melting Pot”) New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption Make a New Start New Symbols of Change & Progress The City as a New “Frontier?”

William Le Baron Jenney  1832 – 1907  “Father of the Modern Skyscraper”

W. Le Baron Jenney: Central Y.M.C.A., Chicago, 1891

Louis Sullivan  1856 – 1924  The Chicago School of Architecture  Form follows function!

Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

Frank Lloyd Wright  1869 – 1959  “Prairie House” School of Architecture  “Organic Architecture”  Function follows form!

Frank Lloyd Wright: Allen-Lamb House, 1915

Frank Lloyd Wright: “Falling Waters”, 1936

F. L. Wright Glass Screens Prairie wheat patterns.

Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC

New York City Architectural Style: 1 870s-1910s 1.The style was less innovative than in Chicago. 2.NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago. 3.Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC  their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies. 4.NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.

Western Union Bldg,. NYC

Manhattan Life Insurance Bldg. NYC

Singer Building NYC

Woolworth Bldg. NYC

Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

Grand Central Station, 1913

St. Patrick’s Cathedral

John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

“Dumbell “ Tenement

“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

Tenement Slum Living

Lodgers Huddled Together

Tenement Slum Living

Struggling Immigrant Families

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Hester Street – Jewish Section

1900 Rosh Hashanah Greeting Card

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Urban Growth:

Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week 51 hours or less4,5545% hours65,03379% hours12,21115% Over 63 hours5621% Total employees, men and women 82,360

Womens’ Trade Union League

Women Voting for a Strike!

Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call

Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

Arresting the Girl Strikers for Picketing

Scabs Hired

“The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8 th and 10 th Floors

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Inside the Building After the Fire

Most Doors Were Locked

Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

10 th Floor After the Fire

Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

One of the “Lucky” Ones?

Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead

Page of the New York Journal

One of the Many Funerals

Labor Unions March as Mourners

Women Workers March to City Hall

The Investigation

Out of the Ashes ÔILGWU membership surged. ÔNYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. ÔNew strict building codes were passed. ÔTougher fire inspection of sweatshops. ÔGrowing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.

Changes in Immigration Patterns The years between 1870 and 1920 saw one of the greatest surges of immigrants to America. Until 1890, most of these immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, just like many of the original European immigrants to America.

Changes in Immigration Patterns On the west coast, immigrants from China began arriving for the Gold Rush in 1849, but many ended up working on the railroads or starting farms; after 1882 Congress limited Chinese immigration.

Changes in Immigration Patterns After 1890, the immigrating population changed to people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, countries such as Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. During this time almost a million people also immigrated from Mexico and the West Indies.

Why the New Immigration? Rapidly growing population in the Old World Industrialization in Europe and the importation of American food disturbed the position of the peasant “America Fever” Persecutions of minorities in Europe Birds of Passage

Being a New Immigrant Discrimination at work Generation Gap Struggle to assimilate Bintel Brief

Taking Care of the New Immigrants Originally taken care of by city “bosses” “Christian Socialist” preachers Jane Addams and Hull House –Settlement Houses Florence Kelley – Socialism, Rights, and the Henry Street Settlement (founded by Lillian Wald)

Changes Brought by the New Immigration Women in the work force –Mostly single –Helped family and still had some pocket money Brought more economic and social independence

Nativism Nativism: Preferential treatment towards native born Americans –Especially Anglo Saxon, Protestants The American Protective Association (1887) Organized labor fought new immigration because poor immigrants were willing to take lower wages

Government Sponsored Nativism 1882: Close gates to all paupers, criminals, and convicts + Chinese Exclusion Act 1885: Prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract 1890’s: Expanded list of undesirables to include: insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases 1917: Literacy Test