Operational Ice Monitoring Requirements Mike Manore Canadian Ice Service Meteorological Service of Canada Environment Canada Environnement Canada

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Outline Operational Ice Services Information Requirements Characteristics of Operational Data Operational Trends Gaps/Future Requirements

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Operational Ice Services - 5 Ws Who? –primarily national meteorological agencies and/or military –sometimes research labs, maritime safety agencies What? –0.25  90 people –$10k  $15M Where? –≈ regionally-based services – focus on national waters exception – US National Ice Center – global ice charting mission –primary interest is marginal ice zone When? –primarily to support navigation – seasonal temporal coverage –products - daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, seasonal Why? –publicly funded for public good objectives

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Operational Ice Services – Why? Ice information to support: –marine safety avoid ice hazards navigate safely in ice when required –marine commerce permit shipping where otherwise not feasible –support year-round operations, regional economic development efficiency of ship routing, icebreaker deployments –environmental protection reduce risk of oil spills from ship damage –numerical weather prediction –environmental knowledge support for regulation and policy development –science, sovereignty, tourism, adventurers, ….

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Operational Ice Services Example - CIS Mission Area of interest - wherever there is ice in Canadian waters; biased to shipping activity in MIZ Tactical and strategic ice information focus on: ice extent concentration type hazardous pressure situations Canadian Ice Service Areas of Coverage (Seasonal) Major Shipping Routes Resolute Thule Inuvik Iqaluit Goose Bay Toronto Ottawa July - October June - November July - October December - - May

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Data to Ice Information Products Image Products Analysed images Chart Products Daily tactical ice analyses Weekly strategic ice analyses Climatological Products Ice Atlases Normals / Extremes Text Products Ice hazard warnings 30-day forecasts Seasonal Outlooks FICN11 CWIS ICEBERG BULLETIN FOR EAST COAST WATERS AND THE STRAIT OF BELLE ISLE AND ITS APPROACHES ISSUED BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA FROM CANADIAN ICE SERVICE IN OTTAWA AT 1500 UTC WEDNESDAY 18 OCTOBER Satellite Optical NOAA AVHRR DMSP OLS Microwave RADARSAT ENVISAT QUIKSCAT DMSP SSM/I Airborne Visual Obs SLAR/SAR Surface Buoys Ship Reports Shore Obs Models Marine weather Ice

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop CIS Ice Charts Daily and weekly

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Ice Information Services: Socio-Economic Benefits and Earth Observation Requirements Prepared for: The Group on Earth Observation (GEO) and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Prepared by: The International Ice Charting Working Group With funding from: The European Space Agency, GSE Contract 17062, “The Northern View” September 2004

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Information Requirements for Key Ice Features (adapted from CEOS, WMO, WCRP, ESA-GMES) ParametersMarine OperationsWeather Forecasting Regional NWP Climate Monitoring and Science Ice Extent – relative edge location Ice Edge Location - absolute - ± 50m-100m (750m) 5km (50km) - 15km (50km) - Ice Concentration Accuracy Ice Concentration Range ±10% (±20%) 5% - 100% 5% (50%) 5% - 100% 5% (50%) 5% - 100% Ice Stage of Development -probability of correct ice typing Ice Stage of Development Ice Thickness 90% (70%) Distinguish new, young, first-year and multi-year ice 10cm (20cm-50cm) - 50cm (100cm) - 50cm (100cm) Fast Ice Boundary Forms of Floating Ice - floe diameter Same as for ice edge 10m (50m-100m) Same as for ice edge - Same as for ice edge - Leads/Polynas25m width (250m)-1% of ice area (10%) Optimum Future Value (Current Threshold Value)

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Information Requirements for Key Ice Features (cont’d) ParametersMarine OperationsWeather Forecasting Regional NWP Climate Monitoring and Science State of Decay - % area of melt ponds 10% (50%)10% (-)5% (25%) Sea Ice Topography - ridge height 1m (2m)2m (-)- Ice Motion Accuracy Ice Motion Range ± 1km/day 0-50 km/day -± 1km/day 0-50 km/day Icebergs – max. waterline dimension 25m (-)-- Timeliness < 1 hr (3-6 hr) - Sampling Frequency 24 hr (48 hr)1 day (7 days)3 days (7-30 days) Geographic Coverage North of 30 o north and south of 45 o south North of 30 o north and south of 45 o south North of 30 o north and south of 45 o south Optimum Future Value (Current Threshold Value)

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Characteristics of Operational Data near-real-time –<1h – 6h delivery to analysis site; <2h – 6h delivery to ships frequent, reliable revisit periods –wide swath or multiple sensors –all weather capability desirable diversity of observations –microwave, optical, thermal high resolution is desirable -ice typing requires fracture, floe shape information -many navigation hazards are < 50m in size, narrow channels data continuity –operational satellite series ( years) –multiple satellites, operational redundancy –investment in infrastructure

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Operational Trends increasing volume and complexity of data –multi-satellites, multi-channel data not manageable by human analysts higher-resolution, coupled NWP and ice models –demand for systematic ice observations suitable for assimilation –requires validated, calibrated instruments and retrievals convergence of sensors suitable for science and operations - NPOESS  increasing convergence of operational and science observational requirements

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Operational Trends increasing international cooperation –data access and sharing –standards nomenclature, analysis practices data exchange and interoperability value of operational data streams and archive –imagery and analyses –increased convergence and exploitation welcomed

Canadian Ice Service IGOS Cryosphere Workshop Gaps/Future Requirements high-resolution - revisit and continuity –SAR follow-missions –multiple satellites for revisit and operational redundancy –high-resolution, multi-pol for iceberg detection and classification routine data fusion/data integration products –e.g. microwave + optical/thermal, scatterometer + radiometer –resolution, temporal, and coverage differences between data types need to be handled quantitative retrievals for model assimilation –validated algorithms + error characteristics ice thickness –at operational scales and timeframes