Exercise 29 BLOOD Photo:

Two major components of blood, average % Two major components of blood, average % Plasma--composition, functional importance Plasma--composition, functional importance Formed elements—cell types, %, functions Formed elements—cell types, %, functions Cellular composition of blood, sickle cell anemia, leukemia Cellular composition of blood, sickle cell anemia, leukemia ABO, Rh blood groups—donors, recipients ABO, Rh blood groups—donors, recipients Hematology tests Hematology tests Anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, leukemia Anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, leukemiaObjectives

Connective tissue—fibers apparent only when clotting Connective tissue—fibers apparent only when clotting Two major components Two major components – Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix) 55% 55% – Living cells (formed elements) 45% 45% What is Blood?

Composition varies Composition varies >90% water >90% water Salts & Electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO 3 ) Salts & Electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO 3 ) Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin) Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin) Transported in the blood: Transported in the blood: – Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) – Metabolic waste (urea, uric acid) – Respiratory gases (O 2, CO 2 ) – Hormones What is Plasma?

Transport all of those components Transport all of those components Regulate pH & ion composition of fluids Regulate pH & ion composition of fluids Clotting proteins—injuries Clotting proteins—injuries Antibodies (immunoglobulins) Antibodies (immunoglobulins) Stabilization of body temperature (absorbs heat from active muscles, redistributes or releases through skin) Stabilization of body temperature (absorbs heat from active muscles, redistributes or releases through skin) Why is it important?

Fig. 19-1

Living cells Living cells Three types Three types – Erythrocytes (red blood cells—RBCs) – Leukocytes (white blood cells—WBCs) – Platelets What are formed elements? 0.1% 99.9%

Fig. 19-1

Erythrocytes (red blood cells—RBCs) 99.9% of formed elements 99.9% of formed elements Anucleate when mature Anucleate when mature Contain hemoglobin (Hb--red pigment) Contain hemoglobin (Hb--red pigment) Transport O 2 and CO 2 Transport O 2 and CO 2 Fig. 19-2

Leukocytes (white blood cells—WBCs) <0.01% of formed elements <0.01% of formed elements Have nuclei, no Hb Have nuclei, no Hb Defense against pathogens Defense against pathogens Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells Several types Several types – Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

Granulocytes Fig Neutrophils 50-70% of WBCs Granules are “neutral”— hard to stain Multiple lobes in nucleus Nonspecific defenses 1 st on site of injury Specialize in phagocytizing marked bacteria (antibodies, complement proteins)Neutrophils 50-70% of WBCs Granules are “neutral”— hard to stain Multiple lobes in nucleus Nonspecific defenses 1 st on site of injury Specialize in phagocytizing marked bacteria (antibodies, complement proteins)

Granulocytes Fig Eosinophils 2-4% of WBCs Granules stain dark with “eosin” Bilobed nucleus Nonspecific defenses Attack objects w/ABs, parasites, allergens Also reduce inflammation at injury sitesEosinophils 2-4% of WBCs Granules stain dark with “eosin” Bilobed nucleus Nonspecific defenses Attack objects w/ABs, parasites, allergens Also reduce inflammation at injury sites

Granulocytes Fig Basophils <1% of WBCs Granules stain purple/blue Smaller cells (neut/eosin) Nonspecific defenses Contain histamine & heparin Release of these increases inflammation Attracts more basophils (& eosinophils) to areaBasophils <1% of WBCs Granules stain purple/blue Smaller cells (neut/eosin) Nonspecific defenses Contain histamine & heparin Release of these increases inflammation Attracts more basophils (& eosinophils) to area

Agranulocytes Fig Monocytes <2-8% of WBCs ~2x size of RBC nucleus oval-kidney shaped Nonspecific defenses Phagocytosis--macrophages in tissues Release chemicals to attract neutrophils, monocytes, other phagocytic cells, fibroblasts (scar tissue)Monocytes <2-8% of WBCs ~2x size of RBC nucleus oval-kidney shaped Nonspecific defenses Phagocytosis--macrophages in tissues Release chemicals to attract neutrophils, monocytes, other phagocytic cells, fibroblasts (scar tissue)

Agranulocytes Fig Lymphocytes <20-30% of WBCs Large, round nucleus SPECIFIC defenses Immune response—direct cell attack or antibodies T Cells B Cells NK (Natural Killer) CellsLymphocytes <20-30% of WBCs Large, round nucleus SPECIFIC defenses Immune response—direct cell attack or antibodies T Cells B Cells NK (Natural Killer) Cells

Platelets Fig Irregularly shaped, small cell fragments in mammals ClottingIrregularly shaped, small cell fragments in mammals Clotting

Anemia = low hematocrit or low Hb level Hematocrit = % cells in whole blood (normal 42-46%)Hematocrit = % cells in whole blood (normal 42-46%) –Centrifuge the blood tube –PCV “packed cell volume” –↓ if dehydrated, internal bleeding, RBC problems…

Polycythemia= elevated hematocritPolycythemia= elevated hematocrit –Many types, often treatable but not curable –Can be bone marrow cancer

Sickle-Cell Anemia Specific type of anemiaSpecific type of anemia Caused by single genetic (amino acid) mutation of Hb molecule (chains) shapeCaused by single genetic (amino acid) mutation of Hb molecule (chains) shape Defective Hb gives up some bound oxygenDefective Hb gives up some bound oxygen Causes cell to become stiff and curved— sickledCauses cell to become stiff and curved— sickled Makes RBC fragile, can get stuck in capillaries  blockage  no oxygenMakes RBC fragile, can get stuck in capillaries  blockage  no oxygen

Fig Sickle-Cell Anemia

Leukopenia = inadequate #s of WBCsLeukopenia = inadequate #s of WBCs –Can be measles, typhoid fever, cirrhosis, TB Leukocytosis = excessive #s of WBCsLeukocytosis = excessive #s of WBCs –Slight is normal during bacterial or viral infection –Can be metabolic disease, hemorrhage, poisoning –Extreme usually indicates LEUKEMIA Malignant disorder of lymphoid tissuesMalignant disorder of lymphoid tissues Many types, treatment helps, often fatalMany types, treatment helps, often fatal APPLICATIONS MANUAL HAS DETAILS OF EACH

BLOOD TYPING ABO Blood typesABO Blood types –surface antigens (can trigger immune response) on RBCs Type A has “A” antigens Type B has “B” antigens Type AB has both Type O has neither

BLOOD TYPING Rh FactorsRh Factors –Rh surface antigens (can trigger immune response) on RBCs Rh positive has the surface antigens Rh negative does not Combine the two:Combine the two: A + or A - B + or B - AB + or AB - O + or O -

Fig. 19-8

Donors and Recipients Your antibodies will attack other blood types (transfusions)Your antibodies will attack other blood types (transfusions) You’re Type A—you have Antibodies against Type B “anti-B antibodies”You’re Type A—you have Antibodies against Type B “anti-B antibodies” Type O—anti-A and anti-BType O—anti-A and anti-B

Donors and Recipients Rh negative person will only have anti-Rh antibodies if previously exposedRh negative person will only have anti-Rh antibodies if previously exposed –Transfusion, pregnancy

Donors and Recipients Test for cross- reactivity to “type” the bloodTest for cross- reactivity to “type” the blood Clumps if the sample has those antigensClumps if the sample has those antigens Sample Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh A+ B+ AB+ O-

Fig. 19-8

Donors and Recipients Universal DonorUniversal Donor Type O Universal RecipientUniversal Recipient Type AB WEBSITE: landsteiner/ landsteiner/

Hematology Tests Total WBC countTotal WBC count –TOTAL # cells per unit volume of blood Differential “DIFF” WBC countDifferential “DIFF” WBC count –Count the first 100, categorize into types, % Total RBC countTotal RBC count –TOTAL # cells per unit volume of blood

Hematology Tests Hematocrit/PCVHematocrit/PCV –(centrifuge, % cells) Hemoglobin: can be anemic with normal HctHemoglobin: can be anemic with normal Hct –RBCs carry oxygen in blood from lungs to tissues –Measures oxygen carrying-capacity