EDCO 267 – Fall 2015 Practicum in Lifespan and Career Development Shawn N. Ogimachi

Quiz How can you find assignment instructions and grading rubrics for EDCO 267? Define the term “Career” List five reasons, clients would want you as their counselor What is the due date for assignment one?

Agenda Quiz Getting to know us Career Counseling Evolution of Human Societies Review and Practice Basic Counseling Skills Trait Factor Theory

The opportunity to help someone adjust to a selected career is an opportunity to affect a person’s life positively, in meaningful and significant ways. Career Counseling

Career The term career refers to how individuals see themselves in relationship to what they do The focus is on the individual, in contrast to the terms job and occupation

Hunters and Gatherers – Egalitarian, small groups or bands of people. Mobile, flexible, able to adapt quickly and constantly. 500,000 to a million years. Evolution of Human Civilization

– Hierarchical and class based, required massive amount physical labor and planning. Wealth measured by land holdings. Often referred to as Plantation Economies. 12, ,000 years Evolution of Human Civilization Agrarian Societies

Industrial Societies – Division of labor, a need for skills and aptitudes for workers to be successful. Wealth measured by control of production. Referred to as the “Smokestack Economy”, “Machine Age”, and the “Industrial Revolution” years

Information Societies – Division of labor requiring cooperation and an “intelligent” workforce that learns and adapts quickly and constantly. Wealth measured by ability to generate and communicate ideas and information. Referred to as the “New Economy” and the “Information Age”

Process produces outcome and results, the process of counseling, what counselors and clients do in a session, influences the outcome. To master process, counselors must develop a repertoire of helping skills to use with a theory of counseling that directs their practice. Developing process is not easy. Over 400 different counseling approaches are easily identified (Karasu 1986). No one approach has a broad superiority over other approaches. No theoretical consensus exits among counseling educators in this country or among universities.

Contemporary counselors are often integrative and eclectic. “Doing what works”, eclectic counselors select an approach based on the needs of their clients. The next eleven steps work toward the development of the basic helping skills that begin a “counseling process”.

Make Personal Contact Being with someone Touching someone emotionally Communicating Methods Body Language Eye Contact Being open

Activity Stand Up Introduce yourself to everyone in the room Eye Contact for 3 seconds Smile Shake Hands Be aware of and use non verbal communication

Making personal contact is the first step in developing a working alliance (Greenson 1965; Zetzel, 1956) The task of educational counseling is to engage the client in a manner that both persons are working together to resolve issues brought by the client to counseling Methods Listening skills and offering acceptance to develop trust and support Removing bias Develop a Working Alliance Develop a Working Alliance

What to explain depends on factors such as school or agency policy, limits of confidentiality Expectations – time, goals, planning, counseling relationship, termination Role Induction is one way of organizing or structuring counseling (Shertzer & Stone,1980) “Role Induction” (Hoehn-Saric,et al.,1964, Mayerson, 1984; Orlinsky & Howard, 1978 Explain Counseling, Develop Expectations

Your status as a Masters student in an advanced practicum in career counseling Your Experience Sessions are occasionally observed Observation is of me the counselor Information is used to improve my counseling skills Everything is confidential to the practicum Media and information will be destroyed Explain Confidentiality

How much direction you exert with the client Builds rapport, develops consensus, show that you are listening and understanding Methods Reflection of Feeling – understanding & mirroring of feeling Restatement of Content – paraphrasing Egan 1990 Pacing and Leading

Counselors should talk less than their clients, except when summarizing, communicate in one or two sentences Builds rapport, develops consensus, show that you are listening and understanding Methods Minimal Encouragers Egan 1990 Phrases nonverbal Speak Briefly

Allows the client to think Don’t rush to fill in the gaps Learn to use silence Listening is often all that is needed When you don’t know what to say, say nothing

Once you establish a bond, confrontation may increase client self- awareness and motivation to change (Egan 1990) Confront as much as you’ve supported

Process – talking about something that is happening in the session If you wish to change something, process it

Be comfortable with yourself and counseling style Talk with your clients, not to them Be who you are

Resistance refers to an obstacle – presented by the client – that influences counseling Mahoney (1987) suggests resistance to change “is a natural expression of self- protection when core ordering processes are challenged” Notice resistance

Anger Sadness Fear Joy When in doubt, focus on feelings

Break

One goal of education is to prepare students to be knowledgeable and contributing members of society. While instruction and learning focus on curricular contents and processes, counseling programs also address the relationship between education and the world of work. Counselors provide guidance to students in the area of career development that gives education relevance and meaning, increases motivation, and establishes goals and direction for learning and achievement. Counselors prepare, organize, and implement career and vocational development programs for all students at all levels. Career development promotes student success and successful transitions between education and work in the future. Career Development

In 1909, Frank Parsons described his concept of vocational guidance in his book Choosing a Vocation. These views and his contribution to career development have been described in a special issue (Volume 20, Number 4, 1994) of the Journal of Career Development. His views became the foundation for what later evolved into trait and factor theory. The term trait refers to a characteristic of an individual that can be measured through testing. Factor refers to a characteristic required for successful job performance. It also refers to a statistical approach used to differentiate important characteristics of a group of people. Thus, the terms trait and factor refer to the assessment of characteristics of the person and the job. Trait and Factor Theory

Assessment of traits is referred to in the first and most crucial of the steps Parsons identified that describe his approach to occupational selection. Parsons (1909) proposed that, to select an occupation, an individual should ideally have: Frank Parsons Trait and Factor Theory

1. A clear understanding of yourself, your attitudes, abilities, interests, ambitions, resource limitations, and their causes; Frank Parsons Trait and Factor Theory

2. A knowledge of the requirements and conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensation, opportunities, and prospects in different lines of work; Frank Parsons Trait and Factor Theory

3. True reasoning on the relations of these two groups of facts. /p. 5) Frank Parsons Trait and Factor Theory

Self Assessment Occupational Exploration Decision Making Job Hunting Work Adjustment Related Psychological Issues and Individual needs Shawn Ogimachi, Department of Counselor Education, San Jose State University Career Counseling Stages

2. EXPLAIN CONFIDENTIALITY 3. IMMEDIATELY ATTEND TO THE CLIENTS CONCERNS 4. DEVELOP EARLY EXPECTATIONS 5. DETERMINE THE CLIENT’S ISSUES 6. ASSESS CLIENT’S MOTIVATION 7. IDENTIFY TYPES OF ASSESSMENT NEEDED 8. SUMMARIZE THE SESSION 9. MAKE AN ASSIGMENT 10. CONCLUDE BY BUILDING A BRIDGE TO THE NEXT SESSION 1. GREET THE CLIENT WARMLY First Interview in Career Counseling

For next week Part One Chapter 2 - Trait and Factor Theory Part One Chapter 4 - Holland’s Theory of Types The Introduction in Sharf Send the Strong, complete MBTI and SDS Practice your introduction

EDCO 267 – Fall 2015 Practicum in Lifespan and Career Development Shawn N. Ogimachi Ending Slide