Thursday July 30 th, 2015
Defining Security: ◦ “a relatively low probability of threat or damage to citizens, government, territory, resources, wealth and even values such as culture or identity” ◦ Security, then, a wide ranging concept Both security and insecurity can often be imagined and unclear ◦ Canadian attitudes towards terrorism ◦ American experiences with Boston Marathon attacks and 9/11
Geopolitics: “Association between a state’s political relationships and its geographical location” North America, previous to the modern age, considered relatively safe ◦ Ease of travel, impact of computer, internet and hackers suggests that this could be changing Security can also be associated with natural resources
“Threats to physical place, person, or group or to important values felt by the community” ◦ Individual or group Variety of threats ◦ Violence, military, economic, political, cultural, environmental Universal insecurity versus local/regional insecurity Conflict and an anarchic international order Insecurity and the security dilemma ◦ Finite resources in the world
Is conflict natural? Conflict and war aren’t synonymous in this case ◦ War is actual fighting, conflict is everything but Clausewitz: War is an extension of politics ◦ Must be governed by rules ◦ This definition, though, focuses on a response to insecurity, not aggressiveness
Significant global divergence of experiences of terrorism around the world ◦ Many states in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America experience terrorism regularly ◦ Other European, North American and Australasian states have experienced it rarely Both 9/11 and fall attacks in Australia and Canada have changed the interpretation of the threat (rightly or wrongly). Illegitimate actors ◦ Sometimes state-sponsored (…though what this means is variable as well)
Terrorists are typically politically alienated ◦ No trust in the system, no efficacy in the system ◦ Only way to be heard and make change is violence Terrorism can be difficult to stop ◦ Can be effective method of changing systems Responses of democratic states are often antithetical to the expectations of a democratic society ◦ Judiciary will often uphold laws of questionable constitutionality due to general fear of citizens and need to appear legitimate
Intervention in another state’s affairs to alieve suffering of that state’s citizens ◦ What is defined as suffering can lead to abuses ◦ The “humanitarianism” of Empire Takes on a new urgency in aftermath of WW2 The Responsibility to Protect (2005) ◦ The government and the individual in the eyes of the UN What, though, is a legitimate intervention? ◦ Certainly to avoid a genocide, but logistical issues ◦ More imperialism?
Negotiation, Mediation and Arbitration ◦ Hard to enforce decisions ◦ Also, in the latter case, often no one’s happy Peacekeeping ◦ “Canadian invention” ◦ Lightly armed individuals whose role is to ensure maintenance of a ceasefire (usually ill-equipped to deal with fallout if fighting resumes) ◦ UN sanctioned – local is usually better International governmental organizations are engaging peacekeeping more regularly.