Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice Michael P. Johnson, Ph.D. Sociology, Women's Studies, and African & African American Studies Penn State Photos from Donna Ferrato, Living with the Enemy. New York: Aperture, 1991 McKeesport, PA Borlänge kommun 2014 "Att skilja på olika typer av våld i nära relation ” Borlänge, Sverige April 14, 2014

Intimate Terrorism Violent Coercive Control Violent Resistance Resisting the Intimate Terrorist Situational Couple Violence Situationally-provoked Violence A Reminder

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Primary Prevention/Education u Intimate terrorism u Equality and respect u Violent resistance u Dangers of violent resistance u Safety planning u Entrapment/escape issues u Situational couple violence u Sources of conflict u Communication and conflict management u Anger management tactics u Substance abuse

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Men’s Violence* Percent Situational Couple Violence by Agency Setting *Multiple studies in the U.S., U.K., and Canada

Screening u If you decide to use different intervention models for different clients, you need to screen u Safety first! u Initially assume intimate terrorism and do all of the standard safety planning u If SCV seems likely, try single-gender application of non-control-focused approaches u As SCV and safety feel more certain over time, move to couple approaches with protections in place u To screen, you need information on control and violence for both partners

Danger Assessment 1. Has the physical violence increased in severity or frequency over the past year? 2. Does he own a gun? 3. Have you left him after living together during the past year? 4. Is he unemployed? 5. Has he ever used a weapon against you or threatened you with a lethal weapon? 6. Does he threaten to kill you? 7. Has he avoided being arrested for domestic violence? 8. Do you have a child that is not his? 9. Has he ever forced you to have sex when you did not wish to do so? 10. Does he ever try to choke you? 11. Does he use illegal drugs? 12. Is he an alcoholic or problem drinker? 13. Does he control most or all of your daily activities? 14. Is he violently and constantly jealous of you? 15. Have you ever been beaten by him while you were pregnant? 16. Has he ever threatened or tried to commit suicide? 17. Does he threaten to harm your children? 18. Do you believe he is capable of killing you? 19. Does he follow or spy on you, leave threatening notes or messages, destroy your property, or call you when you don’t want him to? 20. Have you ever threatened or tried to commit suicide? Campbell, J. C., Webster, D. W., & Glass, N. (2009). The Danger Assessment: Validation of a lethality risk assessment instrument for intimate partner femicide. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(4),

Coercive Control Scale Thinking about your husband [yourself], would you say he [you]… u is jealous or possessive? u tries to provoke arguments? u tries to limit your contact with family and friends? u insists on knowing who you are with at all times? u calls you names or puts you down in front of others? u makes you feel inadequate? u shouts or swears at you? u frightens you? u prevents you from knowing about or having access to the family income even when you ask? *These are items from the 1995 National Violence Against Women Survey (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). They were adapted from the Canadian Violence Against Women Survey (Holly Johnson, 1996) and should be asked regarding both partner and self (adapted as appropriate).

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Law Enforcement Moving away from an incident-focused perspective u The law u Coercive control as a liberty crime (Stark, 2007) u Coordinated risk assessment and service provision u Arrest F Collecting the necessary information u Bail F Risk level and credibility for different types u Prosecution F Empowering the victim and keeping her safe u Sentencing F Alternative sentencing for different types

Coordinated Risk Assessment u Risk assessment team (I-TRAC, Alberta) F Police, prosecutor, child protection expert, family law expert, consulting psychologist and psychiatrist F Police member writes the threat assessment u Request for assessment F Police, prosecutor, or children and youth F Others submit through police services u Information used F All police reports, including Family Violence Investigative Report and History Evaluation Assessment Tool F Criminal records, corrections/parole/probation, children and youth, accused and victim/witness statements u Submitted to police, courts, corrections, children/youth

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Intervention with Perpetrators u Intimate terrorism (mostly men) u Single-sex control-focused education u Added elements for dependent subtype u Violent resistance (mostly women) u Alternatives to violence/Safety planning u Neutralize entrapment u Situational couple violence (both genders) u Anger management individual counseling u Substance abuse individual counseling u Couple communication and conflict management u Couple sources of conflict

Alternative Interventions u “Batterer” intervention programs u Couples counseling (screened) u Substance abuse/violence counseling (screened) u Restorative justice (screened)

“Batterer” Intervention Program Success by IPV Type SCV n = 147 Dependent IT n = 40 Antisocial IT n = 12 Completed program77%38%9% No re-assault40%38%12% Outcomes of Duluth-type Program (Thirteen Months Post-adjudication) Adapted from Eckhardt, C. I., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Norlander, B., Sibley, A., & Cahill, M. (2008). Readiness to change, partner violence subtypes, and treatment outcomes among men in treatment for partner assault. Violence and Victims, 23(4),

A Better Criterion for Success No Re-assault Ever No Re-assault in Previous Year 30 months55%80% 48 months52%90% Outcomes of Four Duluth-type Programs Adapted from pp. 115, 122 of Gondolf, E. W. (2002). Batterer Intervention Systems: Issues, Outcomes, and Recommendations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Couples Counseling (Stith et al.) u Safety monitoring u Initial screening: Victim preference, violence level, fear u Continuous monitoring for violence and fear u Staging u Six weeks of gender-specific treatment F Safety planning, screening F Power and control education u Twelve weeks of conjoint treatment F Each session begins with a 15-minute separate gender session F Flexible—future and goal-oriented, solution focused

Couples Counseling (Stith et al.) u Begins with six sessions with the couple separated—defined psycho-educational content u Honoring the problem u Defining the “miracle” u Describing abuse u Meditation and safety planning u Managing escalation u Alcohol and drug abuse

Couples Counseling (Stith et al.) u Conjoint sessions—solution-focused, flexible content throughout 12 sessions u Miracle questions u Exception questions u Agency questions u Scaling questions u An eye for successes u Orienting to the future u When something works, make it bigger u Solution sequences/Future-oriented questions

Effectiveness of Couples Counseling (Screened Violent Couples in a Family Counseling Setting) No treatment Individual couples Groups of couples First 6 months 33%67%75% Next year and a half 50%100%87% No re-assault Adapted from Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., McCollum, E. E., & Thomsen, C. J. (2004). Treating intimate partner violence within intact couple relationships: Outcomes of multi-couple versus individual couple therapy. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy. Special Issue: Implications of Research with Diverse Families, 30(3),

Substance Abuse/Violence Counseling (O’Farrell and Fals-Stewart) u Individual and couples versions u About six months of weekly sessions u First half: one-hour sessions with individual couples u Second half: two-hour sessions with groups u Daily sobriety contract, safety planning, communication and negotiation skills, instigation of positive couple and family activities u Antabuse and/or 12-step programs for most

Behavioral Couples Therapy (O’Farrell and Fals-Stewart) u Screening—2% screened out u Commitment to nonviolence u Ongoing monitoring u Positive couple and family activities u General communication skills u Specific conflict resolution skills u Safety planning

Effectiveness of Couples Substance Abuse/Violence Counseling One year before counselling First year after counselling Second year after counselling Alcoholic men40%76%82% Female partners 36%71%85% No violence Adapted from O'Farrell, T. J., Murphy, C. M., Stephan, S. H., Fals-Stewart, W., & Murphy, M. (2004). Partner Violence Before and After Couples-Based Alcoholism Treatment for Male Alcoholic Patients: The Role of Treatment Involvement and Abstinence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2),

Restorative Justice Peacemaking or Healing Circles (Mills) u Screening u Appropriate only for situational couple violence u Appropriate only if the victim prefers it u Safety monitoring u Initial social compact (no violence, other treatment) u Continuous screening by facilitators u Assigned safety monitor u Circles u The couple, extended family, and community members u Focus on acknowledgement, understanding, responsibility, and healing u Structured by a facilitator and a “talking piece” that moves from person to person

Effectiveness of Healing Circles (randomly assigned misdemeanor cases, n = 152) Domestic violenceAny crime Healing circles82%67% Batterer intervention treatment groups 78%55% No re-arrest, 24 months Linda G. Mills, personal correspondence, March 2012

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Intervention for Survivors u Intimate terrorism u Long-term support u Alternatives to violent resistance u Empowerment to leave (neutralize entrapment) u Transitional support u Situational couple violence u Anger management individual counseling u Substance abuse individual counseling u Couple sources of conflict u Couple communication and conflict management

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Children’s Risk of Exposure to Parental Partner Violence u High risk for Intimate Terrorism and especially so for a combination of Intimate Terrorism and Violent Resistance u Risk varies for Situational Couple Violence u 40% involve only one incident u Some involve rare incidents of violence u Some involve chronic violence

Children’s Risk of Child Abuse u High risk for Intimate Terrorist u Frightening home environment u Use of children as a tactic to control partner u Need for control, most general for antisocial subtype u “Normal” risk for Violent Resistor u Variable risk for Situationally Violent u Anger management = high risk u Substance abuse = elevated risk u Couple communication = “normal” risk

Custody and Access Issues ( Jaffe et al., 2008) u Custody/access options u Joint custody/Co-parenting u Parallel parenting, minimal couple contact u Supervised exchanges u Supervised access u No contact u Separation-instigated violence u Manipulative accusations u Resources for thorough evaluation

u Primary prevention/education u Screening u Law enforcement issues u Intervention with perpetrators u Intervention for survivors u Children’s issues u Co-located services Types of Domestic Violence Implications for Policy and Practice

Co-located Services Family Justice Centers u Coordinated victim assistance from community-based advocates, police trained to deal with family violence, personal counseling, children's services, support groups, outreach services to the community, legal services, etc. – all under one roof. u There are currently at least 54 centers in the US and 10 abroad—and 120 others in development F F F

We make big mistakes if we don’t make big distinctions. Different types of partner violence have… u Different causes u Different developmental trajectories u Different effects u Different implications for policy and practice

Support Your Local Women’s Shelter u Safety u Support u Information u Advocacy Philadelphia, PA Photos from Donna Ferrato, Living with the Enemy. New York: Aperture, 1991

Fals-Stewart, W., & Clinton-Sherrod, M. (2009). Treating intimate partner violence among substance-abusing dyads: The effect of couples therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), Fals-Stewart, W., Klostermann, K., & Clinton-Sherrod, M. (2009). Substance abuse and intimate partner violence. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Psychological and physical aggression in couples: Causes and interventions. (pp ). Washington, DC American Psychological Association. Gondolf, E. W. (2002). Batterer Intervention Systems: Issues, Outcomes, and Recommendations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gondolf, E. W. (2007). Theoretical and research support for the Duluth Model: A reply to Dutton and Corvo. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(6), Gondolf, E. W. (2008). Implementation of case management for batterer program participants. [Peer Reviewed]. Violence Against Women, 14(2), doi: / Mills, L. G. (2008). Violent Partners: A Breakthrough Plan for Ending the Cycle of Abuse. New York, NY: Basic Books. Stith, S. M., & McCollum, E. E. (2009). Couples treatment for psychological and physical aggression. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Psychological and Physical Aggression in Couples: Causes and Interventions (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Stith, S. M., McCollum, e. E., Rosen, K. H., & Locke, L. D. (2002). Multicouple group therapy for domestic violence. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychotherapy: Integrative/eclectic (Vol. 4, pp ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., McCollum, E. E., & Thomsen, C. J. (2004). Treating intimate partner violence within intact couple relationships: Outcomes of multi-couple versus individual couple therapy. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy. Special Issue: Implications of Reseach with Diverse Families, 30(3), Fals-Stewart, W., & Clinton-Sherrod, M. (2009). Treating intimate partner violence among substance-abusing dyads: The effect of couples therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), Fals-Stewart, W., Klostermann, K., & Clinton-Sherrod, M. (2009). Substance abuse and intimate partner violence. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Psychological and physical aggression in couples: Causes and interventions. (pp ). Washington, DC American Psychological Association. Gondolf, E. W. (2008). Implementation of case management for batterer program participants. Violence Against Women, 14(2), Gondolf, E. W. (2012). The Future of Batterer Programs: Reassessing Evidence-Based Practice. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Jaffe, P. G., Johnston, J. R., Crooks, C. V., & Bala, N. (2008). Custody disputes involving allegations of domestic violence: Toward a differentiated approach to parenting plans. Family Court Review, 46 (3), Johnson, M. P. (2008). A Typology of Domestic Violence: Intimate Terrorism, Violent Resistance, and Situational Couple Violence. Boston: Northeastern University Press. A Few Useful References

Fals-Stewart, W., & Clinton-Sherrod, M. (2009). Treating intimate partner violence among substance-abusing dyads: The effect of couples therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(3), Fals-Stewart, W., Klostermann, K., & Clinton-Sherrod, M. (2009). Substance abuse and intimate partner violence. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Psychological and physical aggression in couples: Causes and interventions. (pp ). Washington, DC American Psychological Association. Gondolf, E. W. (2002). Batterer Intervention Systems: Issues, Outcomes, and Recommendations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gondolf, E. W. (2007). Theoretical and research support for the Duluth Model: A reply to Dutton and Corvo. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(6), Gondolf, E. W. (2008). Implementation of case management for batterer program participants. [Peer Reviewed]. Violence Against Women, 14(2), doi: / Mills, L. G. (2008). Violent Partners: A Breakthrough Plan for Ending the Cycle of Abuse. New York, NY: Basic Books. Stith, S. M., & McCollum, E. E. (2009). Couples treatment for psychological and physical aggression. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Psychological and Physical Aggression in Couples: Causes and Interventions (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Stith, S. M., McCollum, e. E., Rosen, K. H., & Locke, L. D. (2002). Multicouple group therapy for domestic violence. In F. W. Kaslow (Ed.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychotherapy: Integrative/eclectic (Vol. 4, pp ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., McCollum, E. E., & Thomsen, C. J. (2004). Treating intimate partner violence within intact couple relationships: Outcomes of multi-couple versus individual couple therapy. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy. Special Issue: Implications of Reseach with Diverse Families, 30(3), Kelly, J. B., & Johnson, M. P. (2008). Differentiation among types of intimate partner violence: Research update and implications for interventions. Family Court Review, 46 (3), Mills, L. G. (2008). Violent Partners: A Breakthrough Plan for Ending the Cycle of Abuse. New York, NY: Basic Books. O’Farrell, T.J. & Fals-Stewart, W. (2006). Behavioral Couples Therapy for Alcoholism and Drug Abuse. New York: Guilford Press. Materials also available free at Stith, S. M., & McCollum, E. E. (2009). Couples treatment for psychological and physical aggression. In K. D. O'Leary (Ed.), Psychological and Physical Aggression in Couples: Causes and Interventions (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Stith, S. M., McCollum, E. E., & Rosen, K. H. (2011). Couples Therapy for Domestic Violence: Finding Safe Solutions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Primary prevention web sites Marriage preparation courses: Healthy marriage/relationship programs: Public health approaches: A Few Useful References (cont’d)