What kind of person should I be? What should I do? Indian Ethics What kind of person should I be? What should I do?

Four Central Concepts Dharma: duty; the laws that maintain cosmic order; the universe’s moral backbone; the right way to live Mukti: liberation or enlightenment, the distinct and highest value Bhakti: love or devotion to God Karma: action or habit

Karma Virtue is its own reward We make our future selves by our current action through the development of good or bad dispositions to act Good actions increase our tendency (not to mention the tendency of others) to do good Bad actions do the reverse

Karma The Brhadaranyaka Upanishad: “one becomes good by good action, bad by bad action.” The Hindu tradition accepts the possibility of reincarnation The effects of our actions stretch into future lifetimes

Karma Psychological thesis: Any action creates a tendency or habit to repeat it Thus our karma—our dispositions, formed by our previous acts—determine much of our lives

Karma Thesis of moral cosmology: Virtue is its own reward. Vice is its own punishment Actions have external consequences that invariably embrace a moral dimension There is moral payback. What goes around comes around. You get what you deserve, if not in this life then in a future lifetime

The Self is a Hierarchy Great Self Intellect Mind Objects of sense Senses Srirangam temple main gopuram Tamil Nadu India Source Own work Date 2007 (2007) Author Ilya Mauter Permission (Reusing this image) See below. [edit] Licensing I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

To Master Yourself Higher items must control lower items firmly: Objects of sense —> senses: be objective, see the world as it is. Pay attention! Mind —> objects of sense: be active, focus! Intellect —> mind: reason —> thoughts and emotions Soul —> intellect: Brahman is ultimate reality; follow path of renunciation

Path of Desire Pleasure Success: wealth, fame, power But the self is too small Success: wealth, fame, power Exclusive, competitive, precarious Insatiable Self is too small Rewards are ephemeral Example of Chola Fresco found at the Brihadiswara Temple, Thanjavur. [edit] Licensing Public domain This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.

Path of Renunciation Duty: Service to Community Liberation (moksha) Transitory Imperfect Tragic Liberation (moksha) Three alleged saddhus (Hindu holy men) sitting on the Vishnu Temple of Kathmandu's Durbar Square, Nepal, performing the vitarka mudrā. Notice that they may not be saddhus in the strict sense of the word. Own work Date 24 June 2008 (2008-06-24) Author Markus Koljonen (Dilaudid) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses: Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

Four Ways Strands: Yoga, discipline Intelligence —> passion Intelligence —> inertia Yoga, discipline Temple hindu al centre-oest de Sri Lanka; foto feta per J. Ollé el juliol del 2006. [edit] Licensing I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Four Kinds of Yoga Jnana yoga: knowledge Bhakti yoga: love (devotion) Karma yoga: work Raja yoga: meditation

Raja Yoga Ethical restraints Ethical observances Asanas (postures) Breath control Withdrawal of the senses Meditation Wat Suthat, Bangkok, Thailand - ดัดตน Source Own photograph Date 11 December 2007 Author Mattana I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwid

Meditation, 1 Concentration: “binding the mind to a single spot” Sunset at Ganapatipule Source Own work Date Author Debjeet20 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

Meditation, 2 “Meditation”: “cessation of the fluctuations of mind and (self-)awareness” It is a Hindu Temple Source Own work by uploader Date Author Amar03 Permission (Reusing this image) See below. [edit] Licensing: I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses: Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution iconCreative Commons Share Alike icon This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0, Attribution ShareAlike 2.5, Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 and Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

Meditation, 3 Mystic trance: “illumination only of the object as object, empty, as it were, of what it essentially is”

Goals of Meditation Aloneness (kaivalya): “reversal of the course of the strands, now empty of meaning and value” Liberation (mukti) * Birla Mandir * Source: photo taken by User:Deepak * Date: 26th December 2006 * Permission: User:Deepak released it on 27th December 2005 under CC-BY-SA-2.0 and GFDL I, the creator of this work, hereby publish it under the following licences: Creative Commons License Creative Commons Attribution iconCreative Commons Share Alike icon This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 Germany Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Ethics in the Gita Divine command theory: God’s command is what makes right action right. What God commands is obligatory What God allows is permissible “Perform thou action that is (religiously) required.” Puja for Damodara in ISKCON Vicenza temple Dedda71 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

What is Religiously Required? Liberation: “Be thou free from the three Strands”—intelligence, passion, and inertia Ignore consequences: “On action alone be thy interest, Never on its fruits.”

Sacrifice By sacrificing our superficial self-interest and natural desires to act according to God’s will, we become part of God’s ongoing creative activity Our consciousness mystically widens to unite with God’s Self-sacrifice allows us to participate in God’s action That promotes our self-interest in a deeper sense

The Euthyphro Problem Euthyphro: What is right is what the gods love Socrates: Is it right because the gods love it, or Do the gods love it because it is right? Two-dimensional representation of an ancient sculpture; public domain.

Ethics and Religion If the gods love it because it is right, There is an independent standard of right and wrong We can describe it independently of religion A divine command is just a guide It does not define what is right

Divine Command Theory If it is right because the gods love it, There is no independent standard Ethics cannot be separated from religion We cannot morally evaluate the divine

Five Ethical Restraints Noninjury (ahimsa): Do not harm Property: Do not steal Chastity: Do not fornicate Truthfulness: Do not lie Lack of avarice: Do not covet Ranganatha Temple, Srirangapatna, Mysore Photo taken by Rohith Ajjampur, from Kannada wikipedia GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Five Observances Cleanliness Contentment Self-control Studiousness Contemplation of the divine Sri Mariamman Temple. Taken by User:Sengkang of ENglish.Wikipedia in Dec 2005. [edit] Licensing The copyright holder of this work allows anyone to use it for any purpose including unrestricted redistribution, commercial use, and modification.

Stages of Life Student Householder Retirement Renunciation Habits, skills, information Self-improvement Householder Pleasure, success, duty to other Retirement Understanding, philosophy Self-improvement, teaching Renunciation Preparation for death Artwork on Lingaraj temple Bhubanaswar Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers.

The Bhakti Movement Bhakti: love or devotion to God Classical Hinduism: The world harmonizes with our deepest desires Huston Smith: “You can get what you want.”

Medieval India But medieval India found it hard to maintain that optimism Muslim invasions caused widespread destruction and suffering—as many as 100 million dead—and destroyed the great university at Nalanda in 1193 “Bloodiest Holocaust in world history”: attack cities, pillage, rape, execute all men, execute or enslave women and children

Bhakti Leaders Akka Mahadevi (1100s) Janabai (1270?–1350?) Lalla (1320?–1390?) Mirabai (1498?–1550s?) Mirabai. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Bhakti Movement These women insist on the insignificance of distinctions Hindu, Muslim, or Buddhist, male or female, Brahmin or Shudra, rich or poor—none of this matters True spirituality knows no boundaries. It is universal, available to anyone It is internal rather than external. It thus depends on nothing outside the self

“What are you?” “I am awake.” Buddhism “What are you?” “I am awake.”

Buddha (563 - 483 BCE) * Sunset in Ayutthaya historical park * Capture date: Jan 2002 * Photographer: Oliver Spalt * Published under Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License

Four Passing Sights Old age Disease Death Monk Standing Buddha, "Thinking deeply", Rattanakosin style, cloister of Phra Pathom Chedi, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand Source Own work Date May 2002 Author Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Quest for Fulfillment Self-indulgence (path of desire) Asceticism (path of renunciation) Nicholas Roerich "Buddha Tester” Nicholas Roerich Permission (Reusing this image) Public domain This image is in the public domain in India because its term of copyright has expired.

Four Noble Truths 1. Life is suffering 2. Desire, craving, or clinging is the cause of suffering 3. Nirvana extinguishes craving and hence suffering 4. The path to Nirvana is the Eightfold Noble Path

Four Noble Truths: 1 Life is painful (dukkha) “Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of pain: birth is painful, old age is painful, sickness is painful, death is painful, sorrow, lamentation, dejection, and despair are painful. Contact with unpleasant things is painful, not getting what one wishes is painful. In short the five khandhas of grasping are painful.”

Four Noble Truths: 2 Desire (tanha) causes pain “Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the cause of pain: that craving which leads to rebirth, combined with pleasure and lust, finding pleasure here and there, namely, the craving for passion, the craving for existence, the craving for non-existence.”

Four Noble Truths: 3 Eliminating desire can eliminate pain “Now this, O monks, is the noble truth of the cessation of pain: the cessation without a remainder of that craving, abandonment, forsaking, release, nonattachment.”

Four Noble Truths: 4 The Eightfold Noble Path (the Middle Way) eliminates desire: Right Thought Intention Speech Conduct Livelihood Effort Concentration Meditation Wat Si Chum in Sukhothai historical park, Sukhothai province, Thailand. The Buddha statue was originally in a roofed building, however after the roof was gone it became covered with green-black lichen and algae. Photo taken by User:Ahoerstemeier on October 28 2000. GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Right Thought, Intention Dhammapada: “Everything you are is the result of what you have thought.” You must know the Four Noble Truths You must avoid harmful thoughts Right Intention: You must try to eliminate selfish desire Meditating Buddha, "Protected by Mucalinda", Sukhothai style, Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo, Si Satchanalai, Thailand Source Own work Date August 2004 Author Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License

Right Speech, Conduct Right Speech Right Conduct Avoid saying harmful things Right Conduct Avoid harming others Obey the five restraints Buddha figure overgrown by fig in Wat Mahatat in Ayutthaya historic park, Thailand. According to a local tour guide, the tree is about 50 years old. 5 December 2002 (2002-12-05) Author User:Ahoerstemeier Permission (Reusing this image) GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Ethical restraints Do not kill Do not steal Do not lie Do not be unchaste Do not ingest intoxicants Phra Puttha Jinnarat, main buddha image of Wat Benchamabophit, Bangkok, Thailand Source Own work Date June 2003 Author Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Right Livelihood, Effort You must enter the right career Avoid what requires you, or even tempts you, to harm others Right Effort You must work constantly to avoid selfish desire at Wat Trimitr in Bangkok, Thailand. The statue was made of 5 t of gold. * Photographer: Gerold Kogler (User:GNosis, gNosis at de.wikipedia.org) * Date: January 2005 GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Right Concentration, Meditation You must develop mental powers to avoid desire “Binding mind to a single spot”, as in Hindu meditation Right Meditation Like Hindu meditation Cessation of fluctuations Illumination of object as object, empty of what it is Standing Buddha, "Holding the almsbowl", Wat Pho, Bangkok, Thailand Source Own work Date June 2003 Author Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License; Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Two kinds of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Southern Canon, early writings Southeast Asia Ideal: arhat Buddhastatue aus Thailand. Photographer: Soare GNU head Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Mahayana Buddhism Northern Canon, later writings China, Korea, Japan Ideal: bodhisattva Buddha, Wei, China. Shakyamuni - Eastern Wei (China, 534-550). Musee Guimet, Paris. Source: en:User:PHG This is a faithful photographic reproduction of an original two-dimensional work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: Public domain This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.

Two Ideals Arhat: saint who attains enlightenment, experiences nirvana. Chief virtue: wisdom Sitting Buddha, Subduing Mara, Ayutthaya style, Wat Na Phra Men, Ayutthaya, Thailand Sitting Buddha, Subduing Mara, Ayutthaya style, Wat Na Phra Men, Ayutthaya, Thailand Source Own work Date June 2005 Author Fotograf / Photographer: Heinrich Damm (User:Hdamm, Hdamm at de.wikipedia.org) Permission (Reusing this image) See below. Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Mahayana Ideal Bodhisattva: one who postpones his/her own enlightenment to promote the enlightenment of others. Chief virtue: compassion Semi-seated Maitreya or Boddhisattva from Silla, gilt bronze. At the National Museum of Korea. Source http://www.flickr.com/photos/pravin8/35484439/ Date 2001-November-30 Author pravin8 (a flickr user) Permission (Reusing this image) published under the CC BY 2.0 Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution This file is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License

Six Perfections of the Bodhisattva Charity Good moral character (concern for others) Patience Energy Deep concentration Wisdom The Boddhisattva of Universal Compassion at the Ke Lok Si Temple in Penang, Malaysia. Source own photo Date 21 February 2005 Author Flying Pharmacist Permission (Reusing this image) See below. [edit] Licensing I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

Arguments for the Arhat Ideal The goal is to eliminate suffering; the means, enlightenment If bodhisattvas help others to enlightenment, they help them become arhats If it is good to help others to enlightenment, it is because enlightenment is the goal

Arguments for the Bodhisattva Ideal If your ideal is the arhat, you seek your own enlightenment That is a selfish desire; it leads to suffering Concern for self presupposes that you have a separate self Only bodhisattva ideal leads you beyond yourself

Jainism Mahavira (599-527 BCE): founder of Jainism Central doctrine: ahimsa (noninjury) Harm no sentient creature Mahavira - Spiritual leader (Jain) of the Jainism Source own photo in Brussels Date dated 1470 Author unknown Indian sculptor Permission (Reusing this image) See below. [edit] Licensing Public domain This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.

Ahimsa Acaranga Sutra: “One should not injure, subjugate, enslave, torture or kill any animal, living being, organism or sentient being.” Shri 1008 Mahavir Swami Source Own work by uploader Date 05/06/2001 Author Dayodaya Permission (Reusing this image) See below. [edit] Licensing: I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses: Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

Desire Desire inclines us toward injury “He should be dispassionate towards sensual objects. He should refrain from worldly desires.” Detail of a leaf with, The Birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sutra, c.1375-1400. gouache on paper. Indian. Source University of Illinois , Chicago - Birth of Mahavira Date 1375-1400 Author Anonymous Permission (Reusing this image) Public domain This image is in the public domain in India because its term of copyright has expired.

Pain “O philosophers! Is suffering pleasing to you or painful? . . . just as suffering is painful to you, in the same way it is painful, disquieting and terrifying to all animals, living beings, organisms and sentient beings. . . . [Causing violence to the mobile-beings], in fact, is the knot of bondage, it, in fact, is the delusion, it, in fact, is the death, it in fact, is the hell. . . .”

Pain “Man (experiences pain) when forced into unconsciousness or when he is deprived of life. (So do the mobile-beings.) Having discerned this, a sage should neither use any weapon causing violence to the mobile-being, nor cause others to use it nor approve of others using it.” Painting of Mahavira (small painting, Rajasthan Dated 1900)from personal collection of Photos of Jules Jain Source Photograph of Art taken by Jules Jain Date Author Jules Jain Permission (Reusing this image) Email Authorising the upload of the image on commons and releasing it in Public Domain sent to permissions-commons@wikimedia.org [edit] Licensing: This is a faithful photographic reproduction of an original two-dimensional work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: Public domain This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired

Differences from Utilitarianism Jainism considers pain as a negative source of value It sees pleasure not as a positive source, but a temptation to injury There are no tradeoffs: injury is forbidden, absolutely

Charvaka Lokayata, “those attached to the way of the world” Materialism: only matter exists Empiricism: all knowledge comes from experience Skepticism: reject inference Narasimha_Avatar_Halebid Karnataka India Source Own work Date 30/04/2007 Author Ilya Mauter Permission (Reusing this image) See below. [edit] Licensing I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: Creative Commons license Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Share Alike This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one.

Mind, Soul = Body Brhadaranyaka Upanishad: “Springing forth from these elements, itself solid knowledge, it is destroyed when they are destroyed,— after death no intelligence remains.” No life after death: We are purely physical

Good = Pleasure Soul = body So, the good of the soul = the good of the body = pleasure “The only end of man is enjoyment produced by sensual pleasures. . . . Hence it follows that there is no other hell than mundane pain produced by purely mundane causes. . . .” Photograph of ancient art; public domain.