1 Indiana Wesleyan University Ethics Presentation Thomas N. Davidson, J.D.

2 Ethical Models Deontological ethics or deontology (Greek: Deon meaning obligation or duty) is a theory holding that decisions should be made solely or primarily by considering one's duties and the rights of others. If the act is good, then ethical even if bad outcome and vice versa. GreekdecisionsdutiesrightsGreekdecisionsdutiesrights

3 Ethical Models Consequentialism (Teleological Model) refers to those moral theories that hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action. Thus, on a consequentialist account, a morally right action is an action which produces good consequences. The act may look bad, but if good result, then ethical.

4 Ethical Models Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility.

5 Ethical Models The Kantian-Utilitarian Principle emphasis doing the most good at the expense of the least amount of people. It recognizes that there may be a means to an end. But it is only ethical if as few people as possible are treated as means to the end that brings good the greater number.

6 Ethical Models Egoism is belief that one ought to do what is in one's own self-interest, although a distinction should be made between what is really in one's self-interest and what is only apparently so. What is in one's self- interest may incidentally be detrimental to others, beneficial to others, or neutral in its effect. self- interestself- interest

7 Ethical Models Altruism is an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have an ethical obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. ethical doctrineethical doctrine

8 Ethical Models The ethic of reciprocity or "The Golden Rule" is a fundamental moral principle found in virtually all major religions and cultures, which simply means "treat others as you would like to be treated." It is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights. Principal philosophers and religious figures have stated it in different ways. moralreligions cultureshuman rightsmoralreligions cultureshuman rights

9 The Golden Rule "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself: I am the LORD." — Moses (ca BCE) in the Torah Leviticus 19:18 MosesTorahLeviticus 19:18MosesTorahLeviticus 19:18 "This is the sum of duty; do naught onto others what you would not have them do unto you." from the Mahabharata (5:15:17) (ca. 500BCE) Mahabharata "What you do not wish upon yourself, extend not to others." — Confucius (ca. 551–479 BCE) Confucius "What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow man." — Hillel (ca. 50 BCE-10 CE) Hillel "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." — Jesus (ca. 5 BCE—33 CE) in the Gospels, Matthew 7:12, Luke 6:31, Luke 10:25 JesusGospelsMatthew 7:12Luke 6:31Luke 10:25JesusGospelsMatthew 7:12Luke 6:31Luke 10:25 "Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you." — Muhammad (c. 571 – 632 CE) in The Farewell Sermon. MuhammadThe Farewell SermonMuhammadThe Farewell Sermon

10 Ethical Models Religion: conform to God’s will. Codified Ethics: formal written rules. Natural Law: what is good is that which is natural. Ethics of Care: meet the needs of those concerned. Ethics of Virtue: conform to the Golden Mean.

11 Golden Mean AreaDefect MeanExcess FearCowardCourageReckless PleasureInsensitive ControlIndulgence MoneyStingyGenerous Extravagant AngerApathyGentleHot-head Truthself-dep.TruthfulBoastful

12 Business Ethics Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context, the various moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business setting, and any special duties or obligations that apply to persons who are engaged in commerce. applied ethics applied ethics

13 Business Ethics: Competing Views Obey the law is enough. Social Responsibility (Obligation beyond just following laws to pursue long-term goals that are good for society). Exclusive Benefit Rule. Free Market will ensure public benefit.

14 Business Ethics: Practices Price Fixing (secretly conspiring to keep prices high). Manipulation of Supply (conspiring to drive up prices). Exclusive Dealing Agreements (retailer agrees not to purchase from others or sell outside of a certain area). Tying Agreements (supplies on condition that buyer agrees to purchase other goods). Retail Price Maintenance (supplies only to retailers who agree to sell at same price). Price Discrimination (charging different prices to different buyers to drive out competition). Refusal to deal.

15 Business Ethics: Views Do nothing. Antitrust.Regulation.

16 Business Ethics: Remedies Free Markets. Contracts. Duty to comply with claims and assertions. Duty to disclose defects. Duty to not misrepresent. Duty to not coerce. Due Care. Strict Liability. Implied warranty of merchantability.

17 Consumer Rights TO: Be informed. Choose.Safety. Be heard. John Kennedy, 1962

18 Apologia Act or omission. Cognitive Dissonance. Rationalization that transforms the act or omission to being ethical. Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term which describes the uncomfortable tension that comes from holding two conflicting thoughts at the same time. psychological

19 Apologia I didn’t get anything for it. It wasn’t illegal. He made me do it. He had it coming. Everyone else is doing it. If I didn’t some one else would have.

20 Ethical Judgment Analysis Free will Motive Effects to others Act or Omission Model

21 Tort Ethical Analysis Likelihood of Harm + Gravity of Harm Cost to reduce or eliminate the risk

22 Gravity of Harm or Good Intensity – strength of pain or pleasure. Duration – how long it lasts. Certainty – how sure we are of outcome. Propinquity – how soon the pain or pleasure starts. Fecundity – probability the pain or pleasure will be followed by more pain or pleasure. Purity – probability the pain or pleasure will be followed by more of the same. Extent – the number of people effected.

23 Ethical Problem Solving Consider: Benefit and harms caused by each alternative; Which alternative; 1. Best respects moral rights. 2. Best promotes common good. 3. Does not discriminate or shows favoritism. 4. Best promotes virtues.

24 Things to consider Relativism: What is good or immoral changes over time. Absolutism: What is wrong is always wrong. Situational Ethics. I choose which model of ethics to follow depending on the circumstances.

25 Judeo Christian Model of Ethics HolinessJusticeLove

26 Holiness Devotion to God and ethical purity. Zeal for God. Purity reflects God’s moral perfection Accountability: reward for good and punishment for bad. Humility: we realize how short from God we fall.

27 Justice Rights and Duties. Due Process. 1. Procedural. 2. Substantive. Merit: cause and effect. Contractual; work harder get more than others. Equal protection. Avoid Harshness.

28 Love Relationships.Empathy.Mercy. Sacrifice of rights. Balance with your rights and needs.