Histology Laboratories James D. Jamieson, MD/PhD Molecules to Systems 2003 Compiled by James D. Jamieson, MD/PhD Thomas L. Lentz, MD No part of this image collection may be distributed outside of the Yale University Intranet.

Acknowledgements Sources of Micrographs, Diagrams and Figures Alberts, B. et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition, Garland Science, New York, 2002. Gartner, L. P. and Hiatt, J. L. Color Atlas of Histology, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1994. Kerr, J. B. Atlas of Functional Histology. Mosby, London, 1999. Kessel, R. G. and Kardon, R. H. Tissues and Organs: a text-atlas of scanning electron microscopy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1979. Lentz, T. L. Cell Fine Structure. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1971. Lodish, H. et al. Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman, New York, 2000. Mizoguti, H. Color Slide Atlas of Histology. Nihon Shashin Shinbunsha, Tokyo. Young, B. and Heath, J. W. Wheater’s Functional Histology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 2000. Micrographs taken by George Palade, Marilyn Farquhar, James D. Jamieson, Nicolai Simionescu, Maya Simionescu, David Castle, Thomas L. Lentz. Web Resources http://info.med.yale.edu/webpath/webpath.htm Cushing Library Educational Software/Cell Biology/Several Histology Resources

Urinary System Laboratory

Some Handy Abbreviations G: glomerulus PCT: proximal convoluted tubule tDL: thin descending limb of Henle tAL: thin ascending limb of Henle TAL: thick ascending limb of Henle DCT: distal convoluted tubule (similar to TAL) CT: connecting/collecting tubule CD: collecting duct MD: macula densa AA: afferent arteriole (in) EA: efferent arteriole (out)

Cortex BV RT G CD Medulla Renal Cortex and Medulla Vasa recta

Organization of Renal Pyramid

The Nephron

Renal Tubules

Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, Bowman’s capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule)

Corpuscle/Glomerulus Diagram of Renal Corpuscle/Glomerulus

Renal Corpuscle/Glomerulus

Development of Renal Corpuscle

PCT CD G DCT Renal Corpuscles

Bowman’s space G Bowman’s capsule parietal layer visceral layer PCT Renal Corpuscles

MD Vascular pole Bowman’s capsule parietal layer visceral layer G Bowman’s space PCT Urinary pole Renal Corpuscle

Podocytes Bowman’s capsule parietal layer visceral layer PCT Bowman’s space (urinary space) Mesangial cells DCT Renal Corpuscle

Beginning of PCT Urinary Pole of Renal Corpuscle

Glomerular Filter

Bowman’s space Lumen of glomerular capillary Podocyte Foot processes of podocytes Fenestrae Urinary space Urinary space Glomerular BM Fenestrated Capillaries in Glomerulus

Podocyte FS: filtration slits Glomerulus

Filtration slits with diaphragms Capillary space Urinary space Components of Glomerular Filter

Scanning EM of Glomerulus Foot processes Filtration slits

Renal Tubules in Sequence Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT): Epithelium: brush border; basal infoldings Loop of Henle: straight portion of PCT (or thick descending limb) (TDL)>thin descending limb (tDL)>loop>thin ascending limb (tAL)>straight portion of DCT (or thick ascending limb) (TAL) Epithelium: Simple squamous epithelium on thin segments; epithelium similar to PCT and DCT on thick segments Distal Convoluted Tubule: Continuous with TAL>macula densa>DCT Epithelium: No brush border, numerous mitochondria Collecting Tubule: Epithelium: cuboidal Collecting Duct: Epithelium: cuboidal

Brush border Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Brush border Proximal Convoluted Tubule

M: mitochondria Mv: microvilli of brush border Proximal Convoluted Tubule

PCT Vasa recta T T CD Thin Walled Tubules of Loop of Henle

VR TAL tL TAL tL CD Relationhship Between CD, TAL, tL and Vasa Recta (VR)

Basolateral infoldings with mitochondria Distal Convoluted Tubule

Distal Convoluted Tubule Basolateral infoldings with mitochondria; few microvilli Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Ducts, LS

Collecting Ducts, XS

Site of urine outflow at renal papilla Renal pelvis Apex of Renal Pyramid

Countercurrent Multiplier

Countercurrent Multiplier

Countercurrent Multiplier

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Control of Blood Pressure and Volume

JGA and Control of Blood Pressure

Diagram of JG Apparatus

AA: afferent arteriole J: juxtaglomerular cells MD: macula densa DCT: distal conv. tubule JG Apparatus

DT JG Apparatus: Mg, mesangial cells; P, podocyte; JC, juxtaglomerular cells with secretory granules containing renin (arrowheads)

Ureter, Bladder and Urethra

Transitional epithelium Smooth muscle Ureter

Transitional epithelium Relaxed Bladder

Distended Bladder

Male Urethra: transitional > stratified columnar epithelium

Some Pathology

Normal Glomerulus and Tubules PAS stain for basement membrane glycoproteins.

Diabetic Kidney PAS stain. What component of the filtration apparatus might you see altered in an EM?

Membranous Glomerulonephritis What structure is the membranous change affecting? The next EM taken at biopsy cinches the diagnosis.

Membranous Glomerulonephritis Where is the pathology occurring? May be linked to chronic diseases and the immune system. What might the dark blobs be? Hint: look at the next immunofluorescence picture stained for IgG.

Minimal Change Disease What is the most obvious change in this EM? EM is used routinely to diagnose kidney diseases.

Acute Pyelonephritis. Where is the infection located?

Renal cortex after drinking antifreeze. What is the main target of ethylene glycol and what might the patients’s urine show?

Transplantation Rejection What does the histologic picture tell you about what went wrong?