Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19 th and 20 th century) Lecture 6 Polish History II Week 7

Why was Poland partitioned and what can be done to regain independence? God’s Punishment – Sins Evilness of Prussia, Austria, Russia – Break of international law Weakness of old Polish Constitution – Anarchy, not Liberty Guilt of noble factions - treason Oppression of peasants Polish Backwardness Back to Catholic values, support Catholic Church, pray and live virtuous life Uprisings, waiting for international crisis, European war Restitution of May Constitution 1791, liberal Constitution, stronger government Fight against traitors, replacement of nobility in national leadership Liberation of peasants, (National) Education of Peasants Modernisation, Polish Middle Class, Organic Work

Bishop Adam Stanisław Naruszewicz, History of the Polish Nation Teki Naruszewicza (Collection of Documents of Polish History) Enlightenment

CollaborationLoyalismSurrenderTreasonDuty ResistanceIdealismRebellionDutyTreason ConciliationRealismModerationCollaborationModeration Emigration Free after Norman Davies, Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland’s Present. New Edition (Oxford, 2001), p. 157 Options/Perspectives ‘Neutral’Ideas Moderates Insurgents Partitioning Powers

Outline 1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars 2. „For our and for your freedom...“ 3. Realism vs. Romanticism 4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

Suchodolski: The death of Józef Poniatowskis at Leipzig 1813

Grand Duchy of Warsaw 1807 – 1815 Kingdom of Poland 1815 – 1864 (1831) Grand Duchy of Posen1815 – 1848 Crown Land of Galicia and 1867 – 1918 Lodomeria Autonomy or Semi-Autonomy

Outline 1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars 2. „For our and for your freedom...“ 3. Realism vs. Romanticism 4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

November Uprising, 1830

Finis Poloniae 1831

Polish Emigration Conservative-aristocratic (Czartoryski in Hotel Lambert) Moderate democratic: Polish National Committee Radical: Polish Democratic Society (TDP)

Joachim Lelewel Poland, her History and Affairs Surveyed, in 20 vols, Posen, Karol Szajnocha Jadwiga i Jagiello Romanticism

Uprisings before Kosciuszko-Uprising (Russia) Also in Greater Poland (Prussia) 1806Uprising in Greater Poland (Prussia) 1830November Uprising (Russia) 1846Greater Poland (attempt, Prussia) and Galician Slaughter, Kraków (Austria) 1848Greater Poland (Prussia) 1863January Uprising (Russia)

Polish lands,

Polish participation in European revolutions

January Uprising, 1863/64

1863

Outline 1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars 2. „For our and for your freedom...“ 3. Realism vs. Romanticism 4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

Cracow School: Michał Bobrzyński A short history of Poland, 1879 The Birth of the Polish State, 2 vols., Realism and Positivism Warsaw School: Tadeusz Korzon

Organic Work Starting point: failed insurrections Poland culturally and economically too underdeveloped to sustain an independent state New strategy: Improve industry and trade in the Polish provinces Build towns and railways Organize cooperatives and organize Polish peasantry Raise the literacy and the national consciousness of the population Important advocates: Stańczyk group in Cracow and Warsaw positivists

The Polish lands Russian Empire Kingdom of Poland becomes Vistula land Russification Discrimination of Catholic Church (Uniate Church) University of Warsaw replaced by Imperial University of Warsaw (Teaching in Russian) German Empire Anti-Catholic policy under Bismarck Germanisation of School system School strike after attempt to introduce German language in religious instruction Policy to promote settlement of ethnic Germans Discrimination of ethnic Poles

Michał Drzymała, his wife and his wagon

Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910 Population: 8 Million West Galicia in % East Galicia in % Together Roman-Catholic2,381, ,349, ,731, Greek-Catholic86, ,294, ,381, Jewish213, , , Protestant7, , , Orthodox , ,8450.0

Austria-Hungary after 1867 Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria  Polish elite profits from imperial reforms  Close cooperation with Polish elites  Social, political, economic and cultural dominance of Poles  Polonisation of administration, education  Dominance of Polish language in universities in Cracow and Lwów  Modern political parties develop,  Hundreds of Polish newspapers and journals, thousands of books are published  Polish politicians (Polish club in Austrian parliament) very influential  Polish ministers and gouvernors Galicia – the Polish Piedmont

Outline 1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars 2. „For our and for your freedom...“ 3. Realism vs. Romanticism 4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, pp. 106 f.

The Making of the Polish Nation PRO Polish language and long tradition of literate culture Influence in Galicia since 1867 German Empire: rule of law Roman-Catholic faith Common history of most of the territory until the end of the 18 th c. Existence of a numerous, genuinely Polish elite – the nobility Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on Emancipation/liberation of peasants in Prussia, Austria, Russia Paradox: creating precondition for Polish nation building CONTRA Partitions of Poland: no state Living in the Russian Empire, Prussia/German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. No common present Opportunities for educated Poles in the service of the Empires Small middle class Sharp social conflict between peasants and estate owners Unclear borders Unclear national boundaries (for ex. Polish Jew or Jewish Pole) National 'awakening' of Ukrainians, Lithuanias etc. Policy of Russification and Germanization